Abstract
There is need to establish the best lignocellulosic wastes with bio-stimulatory effects on mushrooms been investigated for myco-remediation purposes. Solid state fermentation of four substrates (sawdust of Anthostema aubryanum Baill, Mansonia altissima (A. Chev.) A. Chev., Nauclea diderrichii (De Eild & T. Durand) Merr and Malt Extract Agar) contaminated with various levels of crude oil contamination by Leucocoprinus cretaceus (Bull.) Locq., was studied. The effect of crude oil on mycelial biomass production, polysaccharide, and polyphenol contents of L. cretaceus during solid state fermentation of lignocellulosic wastes was determined. The polysaccharide and polyphenol content of the mycelia was determined with the Phenol-Sulphuric acid and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Solid state fermentation of crude contaminated substrates improved biomass and polysaccharide content of L. cretaceus. The fungus is a good bioremediation agent degrading crude oil with increasing levels of crude oil contamination (28.00% in 1.00% crude oil contamination to 81% in 10.00% crude oil contamination). Radial mycelial extension increased with increasing levels of crude oil contamination. Crude oil did not cause increased polyphenol concentration and therefore not a stress factor. There was increase in polysaccharide content indicating metabolization of crude oil for metabolic build up. Supplementing crude oil contaminated substrates with the sawdust of M. altissima resulted in the highest level of crude oil degradation by the test fungus. L. cretaceus is a potential strong myco-remediation agent. This study records the first time the fungus is used for degradation of crude oil contaminated substrates. The mushroom has the potential to completely mineralize petroleum hydrocarbons.
Highlights
There is need to establish the best lignocellulosic wastes with bio-stimulatory effects on mushrooms been investigated for myco-remediation purposes
Crude oil contamination did not affect the growth of the test mushroom L. cretaceus negatively (Plate 1)
Crude oil contamination at all tested levels did not affect polysaccharide content of mycelia biomass produced from A. aubryanum, M. altissima and N. diderrichii instead causing a stimulatory effect
Summary
There is need to establish the best lignocellulosic wastes with bio-stimulatory effects on mushrooms been investigated for myco-remediation purposes. One of the biological agents used for clean-up of crude oil contaminated sites are white rot fungi. Degradation of crude oil and polyaromatic hydrocarbons like fluoranthene by white rot fungi are linked to biomass production and utilization of the laccase enzyme (Wirasnita and Hadibarata, 2016). There are other enzymes linked to degradation of organic contaminants such as peroxidases, dioxygenases and ligninases which are potentially present in Leucocoprinus species (Okino-Delgado, et al, 2019) Secondary metabolites such as naphthalene-1, 8dicarboxylic acid and phthalic acid are linked with the degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons like fluoranthene by white rot fungi (Wirasnita and Hadibarata, 2016). The production of polyphenols is a stress response factor, and this is investigated to find out the degree of stress that crude oil will impact on the test fungus L. cretaceus
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