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Abstract
Pearl millet starch was modified using epichlorohydrin (EPI) at different concentrations (0.1%; 0.3%; 0.5%; and 0.8%) and evaluated for physicochemical, rheological, in vitro digestibility, and film-forming characteristics. The degree of cross-linking was observed at higher levels (0.5% and 0.8%) of EPI. Upon cross-linking, breakdown and setback viscosity reduced whereas pasting temperature was increased. Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) value of cross-linked (CL) starches ranged between 2877 to 5744 Pa and 168 to 237 Pa, respectively, during the frequency sweep test. A drastic decrease was observed for steady shear (yield stress and consistency index) characteristics of CL starches. Resistant starch (RS) content was increased after starch modification, which imparts its nutritional values and starch modified at 0.8% had the highest RS content. Modifications of starch at different levels had significant effects on the moisture, opacity, solubility and mechanical properties of films. Outcomes of this study will be helpful to understand the properties of native and CL starches for their potential applications in preparation of edible films.
Highlights
Degree of Cross-Linking (DC) was observed 40.8% and 74.6%, and the starch modified with 0.8% EPI concentration had the highest value
Starch modified with cross-linking reagent at different levels of EPI caused significant changes in structural, in vitro digestibility, and film-forming characteristics
CL starch showed an increase in PV and Final viscosity (FV) at low concentration (0.1% and 0.3% EPI) while the reverse was observed at higher concentrations (0.5% and 0.8% EPI) in comparison to native starch
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) belongs to family Poaceae and it is broadly cultivated worldwide for feed and fodder. It is local to Africa and mainly cultivated in the arid and semi-arid areas of Africa and Asia. India is the leading producer (10,235,830 tons) of millets followed by Niger (3,270,453 tons) [1]. It is an underutilized crop and, due to the short of industrial applications of pearl millet, its cost is low. Isolation and modification of the starch from millet grains gives a new direction to food industries and its applications
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