Abstract
Extreme weather conditions are becoming more and more frequent in the crop years, thus increase the risk of sunflower production.The objective of researches into plant production is to minimize these effects as much as possible. In this sense, the optimization ofagrotechnological factors is of high importance. Within these factors, the appropriate crop technology (sowing time, crop density)and optimized, rational crop protection technologies are important, especially in the highly sensitive sunflower cultures. The effect ofsowing time, crop density, and fungicide treatments on the yield of sunflower hybrids was analysed in different crop years in 2008and 2009. In each case, the infection was highest with the early sowing time and at the highest crop density level (65000 ha-1). Whenone fungicide treatment was applied, the rate of infection decreased compared to the control treatment. The further decrease of theinfection rate was less after the second fungicide treatment.In the humid year of 2008 the crop yield was the highest at 45000 ha-1 crop density level in the control treatment and at 55000 cropha-1 crop density level when fungicides were applied. In the draughty year of 2009 the maximum yield was gained at 55000 ha-1 cropdensity level in the control treatment and at 65000 crop ha-1 when fungicides were applied. In 2008 and 2009 as regards the cropyield, the difference between the optimal and minimal crop density levels was higher in the fungicide treatments than in the controltreatment (in 2008: control: 517 kg ha-1; one application of fungicides: 865 kg ha-1; two applications of fungicides: 842 kg ha-1), (in2009: control: 577 kg ha-1; one application of fungicides: 761 kg ha-1; two applications of fungicides: 905 kg ha-1).In each and every case, the first treatment with fungicides was more effective than the second. In 2008, the highest yield wasobtained with the third, late sowing time in each fungicide treatment. The differences between the crop yields with different sowingtimes was less than in 2009, when the results of the second treatment exceeded those of the first and third treatment in each case.
Highlights
INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE The success of sunflower production is significantly influenced by the effects of the crop year and the agrotechnical factors
EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS We have examined the effect of sowing time, crop density and different fungicide treatments on the infection and yield of sunflower hybrids
Based on the average values of the examined two years, we found that the crop year, the crop density, the sowing time and the fungicide treatments are in interaction and strenghten or weaken the influence of one another
Summary
INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE The success of sunflower production is significantly influenced by the effects of the crop year and the agrotechnical factors. The climatic conditions of the crop year cannot be predicted; the infection rate and the yield loss caused by the unfavourable weather can significantly be reduced by adequate and well-timed crop protection technologies. The yield potential of sunflower hybrids is highly influenced by the different agrotechnical and climatic factors applied in different crop years (for e.g. crop density, sowing time, etc.) (Borbélyné et al 2007, Zsombik 2006). Out of the various pathogens of sunflower the most dangerous ones are powdery mildew (Plasmophara halstedii), Diaporthe stem canker (Diaporthe helianthi), white mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) The origin of these diseases is the infected soil, and the disease development is conduced by temperate weather or high temperature together with humid weather conditions (Goór és Kissné, 1999)
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