Effect of crack depth and specimen width on fracture toughness of a carbon steel in the ductile–brittle transition region

Abstract

The effects of crack depth ( a/ W) and specimen width W on the fracture toughness and ductile–brittle transition have been investigated using three-point bend specimens. Finite element analysis is employed to obtain the stress–strain fields ahead of the crack tip. The results show that both normalized crack depth ( a/ W) and specimen width ( W) affect the fracture toughness and ductile–brittle fracture transition. The measured crack tip opening displacement decreases and ductile–brittle transition occurs with increasing crack depth ( a/ W) from 0.1 to 0.2 and 0.3. At a fixed a/ W (0.2 or 0.3), all specimens fail by cleavage prior to ductile tearing when specimen width W increases from 25 to 40 and 50 mm. The lower bound fracture toughness is not sensitive to crack depth and specimen width. Finite element analysis shows that the opening stress in the remaining ligament is elevated with increasing crack depth or specimen width due to the increase of in-plane constraint. The average local cleavage stress is dependent on both crack depth and specimen width but its lower bound value is not sensitive to constraint level. No fixed distance can be found from the cleavage initiation site to the crack tip and this distance increases gradually with decreasing in-plane constraint.