Abstract
This study analyzes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on grade inflation in higher education. Data were collected from five universities in Turkey, including grades of 152,352 students who attended 2,841 courses conducted by 903 instructors before the COVID-19 pandemic and grades of 149,936 students who attended 2,841 courses conducted by 847 instructors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic causes a marginal increase in grades in higher education when the other factors that might explain the differences are controlled. Grade inflation of 9.21% is the highest ever reported in literature. Compared with a year ago, DD and DC grades decreased 55%; FD and FF grades decreased 31%; and the highest-grade AA increased 41% for courses taken during the pandemic. Additionally, classroom population, academic history of the instructor, class level, field, university entrance scores, and course execution and evaluation (grading) forms of course notes are important determinants. This increase can be explained by the effort of instructors who are accustomed to face-to-face settings. When they suddenly switch to distant education, they might try to grade higher to compensate for the unforeseen negative circumstances.
Highlights
In December 2019, the discovery of a new type of coronavirus (COVID-19)-infected pneumonia causing serious illness and death was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Wuhan, China [1]
This study reduces the uncertainty in the evaluation process in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on grade inflation by 55% when compared with the pre-pandemic period (PPP); FD and FF percentage decreased by 31%; the percentage of students who were given AA grade increased by 41%
Summary
In December 2019, the discovery of a new type of coronavirus (COVID-19)-infected pneumonia causing serious illness and death was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Wuhan, China [1]. By January 2020, the COVID19 infection took on the proportions of a pandemic that affected more than 160 countries in less than a few weeks. The tendency to question the rationale behind the grading increases [7]. In this respect, “grade inflation” is a common explanation for rising notes with regard to giving higher grades to equivalent work. Students who received inflated grades in entry-level or prerequisite classes often stated that they felt inadequate in advanced courses and presented the tendency of grade inflation as the reason [10]
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