Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic halted human activities globally in multiple sectors including tourism. As a result, nations with heavy tourism, such as Belize, experienced improvements in water quality. Remote sensing technologies can detect impacts of “anthropauses” on coastal water quality. In this study, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data were employed along the Belizean coast to investigate impacts of the COVID-19 shutdown on water quality. The attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, Kd(490), was used as an indicator of water quality, with a lower Kd(490) indicating increased water clarity. Four Coastal Management Zones were characterized by marine traffic as high traffic areas (HTAs) and two as low traffic areas (LTAs). Monthly composites for two periods, 2002–2019 (baseline) and 2020 were examined for Kd(490). For months prior to the COVID-19 shutdown in Belize, there was generally no significant difference in Kd(490) (p > 0.05) between 2020 and baseline period in HTAs and LTAs. Through the shutdown, Kd was lower in 2020 at HTAs, but not for LTAs. At the LTAs, the Kd(490)s observed in 2020 were similar to previous years through October. In November, an unusually active hurricane season in 2020 was associated with decreased water clarity along the entire coast of Belize. This study provides proof of concept that satellite-based monitoring of water quality can complement in situ data and provide evidence of significant water quality improvements due to the COVID-19 shutdown, likely due to reduced marine traffic. However, these improvements were no longer observed following an active hurricane season.
Highlights
The Central American nation of Belize is home to the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System, the largest barrier reef system in the northern hemisphere and a World Heritage Site (UNESCO, 1996; Cherrington et al, 2010, 2020)
Multiple studies operate under the knowledge and understanding of these water being oligotrophic (Mendoza et al, 2009; Contreras-Silva et al, 2020; Correa-Ramirez et al, 2020; Guimarais et al, 2021) which is necessary for the development and flourishing of corals (Warne et al, 2005; Guimarais et al, 2021)
While low traffic areas (LTAs) showed some differences in means, these tended to be smaller, and statistically significant differences were only observed at high traffic areas (HTAs)
Summary
The Central American nation of Belize is home to the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System, the largest barrier reef system in the northern hemisphere and a World Heritage Site (UNESCO, 1996; Cherrington et al, 2010, 2020). Belize’s reef system is approximately 250 km in length, 963 km in area, and is located 0.5-80 km offshore between Mexico and Guatemala’s borders (Gischler and Hudson, 2004; Baumann et al, 2019; ClaudinoSales, 2019). This reef system contains hundreds of reef patches which developed during the Holocene (Gischler and Hudson, 2004; Eckert et al, 2019). To limit the spread of COVID-19, Belize closed their borders to international travelers by closing land borders and its international airport (Government of Belize Press Office, 2020a). On October 1, 2020, the reopening phase of Belize’s international airport began while expecting 140 travelers on its first day (Government of Belize Press Office, 2020c)
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