Abstract
This study aims to investigate the repair effect of subcellular structure injuries of the HK-2 cells of four degraded seaweed polysaccharides (DSPs), namely, the degraded Porphyra yezoensis, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Sargassum fusiform, and Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharides. The four DSPs have similar molecular weight, but with different content of sulfate groups (i.e., 17.9%, 13.3%, 8.2%, and 5.5%, resp.). The damaged model was established using 2.8 mmol/L oxalate to injure HK-2 cells, and 60 μg/mL of various DSPs was used to repair the damaged cells. With the increase of sulfate group content in DSPs, the scavenging activity of radicals and their reducing power were all improved. Four kinds of DSPs have repair effect on the subcellular organelles of damaged HK-2 cells. After being repaired by DSPs, the release amount of lactate dehydrogenase was decreased, the integrity of cell membrane and lysosome increased, the Δψm increased, the cell of G1 phase arrest was inhibited, the proportion of S phase increased, and cell apoptotic and necrosis rates were significantly reduced. The greater the content of sulfate group is, the stronger is the repair ability of the polysaccharide. These DSPs, particularly the polysaccharide with higher sulfate group content, may be a potential drug for the prevention and cure of kidney stones.
Highlights
Oxidative stress is one of the main factors that cause diseases [1]
Imbs et al [8] studied the antioxidant activities of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) obtained from Fucus evanescens; the results showed that the antioxidant activity of FCSPs was positively correlated with polyphenol content in FCSPs
At the concentration of 3.0 mg/mL of a polysaccharide, the ·OH scavenging rate was DPY-1 (40.7%) > DGL-2 (23.8%) > DSF-3 (20.8%) > DUP-4 (17.1%), which was in accordance with the sequence of sulfate group content of four degraded seaweed polysaccharides (DSPs) (17.9%, 13.3%, 8.2%, and 5.5%)
Summary
Oxidative stress is one of the main factors that cause diseases [1]. High concentration of oxalate and calcium oxalate crystal can cause the oxidative damage or dysfunction of renal epithelial cells and promote crystal retention [2], resulting in an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS induces the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes by reacting with unsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane [3], disrupts structural integrity and energy production, and even causes cell necrosis, which will accelerate the formation of kidney stone [4]. The reduction of oxidative damage of cells and the repair of the damaged cells can reduce the incidence rate of kidney stones. Wang et al [7]
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