Abstract
More than 70 human adenovirus types were identified divided into 7 different species (A-G). Diseases caused by human adenoviruses are type-dependent and can range from mild to severe respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections or eye infections such as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Unfortunately there is no specific anti-adenovirus therapy available. Here we addressed the question whether treatment with cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for anti-adenoviral therapy such as virus-mediated ulcerations may be feasible. CAP has already been explored for the treatment of dermatological diseases such as chronic wounds. To investigate whether CAP is an effective antiviral tool, purified human adenovirus types derived from different human adenovirus species (HAdV -4, -5, -20, -35, -37, -50) tagged with luciferase were treated with defined dosages of plasma. The CAP treatment was varied by incrementally increasing the time span of CAP treatment. After CAP treatment, the virus containing solution was added to eukaryotic cells and the viral load was determined by measurement of luciferase expression levels. Through the plasma treatment the adenovirus driven luciferase expression directly correlating with adenovirus transduction efficiencies could be reduced for HAdV-5 and HAdV-37. Plasma treatment had no influence on adenovirus derived luciferase expression levels for HAdV-4 and HAdV-50 and it even had a positive effect on luciferase expression levels for HAdV-20 and HAdV-35. These results suggest that CAP has a type dependent effect on adenoviruses and that infectivity can be even increased for certain adenovirus types. Further studies should address the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. In summary we demonstrate that CAP may represent an interesting option for antiviral treatment in a virus type dependent manner.
Highlights
Plasma is the fourth state of matter and has properties unlike those of the other states, which is attributed to the partial or complete ionization of the gas
cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has already successfully used in the treatment of dermatological diseases, like acne vulgaris [3] and in vitro studies demonstrated that CAP could induce apoptosis in tumor cells [4]
Experimental setup and characterization of used adenoviral vectors To test whether plasma treatment has an effect on human adenoviruses we elected 6 HAdVs derived from different adenovirus species: HAdV-5 from species C, HAdV-35 and HAdV-50 from species B, HAdV-20 and HAdV-37 from species D, and HAdV-4 from species E
Summary
Plasma is the fourth state of matter and has properties unlike those of the other states (solid, liquid, gas), which is attributed to the partial or complete ionization of the gas. Stability of human adenoviruses after treatment with cold atmospheric plasma by plasma consists of radiation such as visible light, UV, electromagnetic waves. It contains ions and electrons, free radicals and other reactive species like reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). CAP has a broad bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect due to emission of UV light and generation of reactive oxygen/ nitrogen species reducing the bacterial load in the wound. CAP has been demonstrated to induce proliferation of a basal epidermal keratinocyte cell line [2], which in turn will foster the wound healing process. CAP has already successfully used in the treatment of dermatological diseases, like acne vulgaris [3] and in vitro studies demonstrated that CAP could induce apoptosis in tumor cells [4]
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