Abstract
For the perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the performance of the PSCs has become the focus of the research by improving the quality of the perovskite absorption layer. So far, the performance of the large-area PSCs is lower than that of small-area PSCs. In the paper, the experiments were designed to improve the photovoltaic performance of the large-area PSCs by improved processing technique. Here we investigated the optoelectronic properties of the prototypical CH3NH3PbI3(MAPbI3) further modulated by introducing other extrinsic ions (specifically codoped Cl−and 5-AVA+). Moreover, we used inorganic electron extraction layer to achieve very rapid photogenerated carrier extraction eliminating local structural defects over large areas. Ultimately, we fabricated a best-performing perovskite solar cell based on codoping Cl anion and 5-AVA cation which uses a double layer of mesoporous TiO2and ZrO2as a scaffold infiltrated with perovskite and does not require a hole-conducting layer. The experiment results indicated that an average efficiency of double-mesoporous layer-based devices with codoping Cl anion and 5-AVA cation was obtained with exceeding 50% enhancement, compared to that of pure single-mesoporous layer-based device.
Highlights
IntroductionCl incorporation into the perovskite crystal structure was initially investigated by Colella et al [2]
Organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells, the MAPbX3 perovskite as a light harvesting material, have recently attracted tremendous attention due to their low cost and outstanding desirable properties [1]
Employing perovskites with mixed cations and halides has become significant because the pure perovskite compounds suitable for photovoltaic applications, which are mainly MAPbX3, FAPbX3, and CsPbX3, possess numerous disadvantages
Summary
Cl incorporation into the perovskite crystal structure was initially investigated by Colella et al [2]. They found that the Cl doping dramatically improves the charge transport within the perovskite layer. In 2015, Chen et al found that the chlorine incorporation mainly improved the carrier transport across the heterojunction interfaces, rather than within the perovskite crystals, leading to a PCE of 17.91% [6]. Suzuki and coworkers investigated the role of halogen doping using iodine, bromine, and chlorine compounds as dopant on the photovoltaic performance and microstructures of CH3NH3PbI3−x−yBrxCly perovskite solar cells [7]. Regarding the site of MA cation, 5-AVA replaced part of the MA cations in the cuboctahedral site of MAPbI3, forming the mixed cation (5-AVA)x(MA)1−xPbI3 perovskite reported
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