Abstract
BackgroundAn optimal level of vitamin D is necessary for normal bone growth. Recently, vitamin D has been linked to many neurological disorders, changes in antioxidant capacity levels, and cognitive function decline in old age; thus, the aim was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and antioxidant levels on the cognitive function parameters of children with idiopathic short stature (ISS).ResultsA prospective case-control study was conducted with 60 primary school-aged children with ISS who were compared to 60 unrelated healthy age- and sex-matched children as a control group. A complete clinical evaluation; anthropometric measurements; neurocognitive function parameters using the Stanford-Binet test, fifth edition; vitamin D level; total antioxidant capacity (TAC); total oxidative stress (TOS); and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured. A total of 83.3% of children with ISS had a vitamin D level < 30 ng/ml with significantly lower vitamin D levels than the control group. The TAC level was significantly lower in children with ISS than in healthy children. Children with ISS had an average level for all of the cognitive function parameters but a lower non-verbal IQ, full-scale IQ, fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, and working memory than healthy controls. A positive correlation was found between vitamin D level and all anthropometric measurements, all IQ parameters, and TAC levels in the studied children. A positive correlation was found between TAC and all IQ parameters.ConclusionVitamin D level and antioxidant capacity level have a major impact on cognitive function parameters in children with ISS.
Highlights
An optimal level of vitamin D is necessary for normal bone growth
Vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem, and vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are common in sunny areas such as Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Middle East regions [9, 10]; the estimated prevalence rates of levels less than 30 ng/ml in the USA, Turkey, Iran, and India were 47%, 89%, 93%, and 99%, respectively [10], while Cashman et al [11] estimated that vitamin D deficiency with levels less than 20 ng/ml in the European population had a prevalence of 40.4%
There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to age or sex (Table 1)
Summary
An optimal level of vitamin D is necessary for normal bone growth. Vitamin D has been linked to many neurological disorders, changes in antioxidant capacity levels, and cognitive function decline in old age; the aim was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and antioxidant levels on the cognitive function parameters of children with idiopathic short stature (ISS). Vitamin D has a well-recognized role in bone formation, skeletal growth, development, and normal bone mineralization [2,3,4]. Vitamin D deficiency, in addition to its wellestablished musculoskeletal effects, is linked to and associated with the development and progression of many. The widely distributed vitamin D receptors (VDR) in the brain [14] and the ability of the brain to synthesize active vitamin D locally are highly suggestive of its involvement in the normal development and function of the brain [15]
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