Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with adverse effects on lipid profile and homocysteine thus increasing risk for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Smoking is a prominent risk factor for coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disorders. This study was undertaken to evaluate serum lipid profile in chronic smokers and to compare it with healthy non-smokers, considered as controls. Serum lipid profile was measured in 300 male subjects. Out of which 150 were smokers and 150 non-smokers (controls) with an age range of 50 to 60 years. Only chronic smokers who were smoking for more than 20 years were included in the study. It was revealed that mean serum Total Cholesterol (268.88 ± 29.23 mg/dl), Triglyceride(192.12 ± 56.42 mg/dl), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (189.76 ± 15.74 mg/dl), Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (38.42 ± 11.28 mg/dl) were significantly higher in chronic smokers as compared to non-smokers with mean serum Total Cholesterol (182.56 ± 21.33 mg/dl), Triglyceride(115.71 ± 32.11mg/dl), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(107.68 ± 9.55 mg/ dl), Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(23.14 ± 6.42 mg/dl). On the other hand value of mean serum High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol was lower in chronic smokers (40.7 ± 2.21 mg/dl) than in non-smokers (51.74 ± 5.36 mg/dl). Thus this study concludes that cigarette smoking produced adverse effects on lipid profile, leading to increase cardiovascular disease risk among smokers.
Highlights
Smoking is one of the most potent and prevalent addictive habits, influencing behaviour of human beings
Various mechanisms leading to lipid alteration by smoking are: (a)nicotine results in increased secretion of hepatic free fatty acids and triglycerides along with Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C) in the blood stream by increasing the secretion of catecholamines and stimulating sympathetic adrenal system resulting in increased lipolysis [13]; (b)consumption of a diet lacking in fibre and cereal content but enriched with fat and cholesterol by smokers as compared to non-smokers [14]; (c) cigarette smoking is known to be associated with raised plasma Homocysteine level [15,16] which causes oxidative modification of LDL-Colesterol and decreases HDL-Cholesterol [17], several studies reported homocysteine inhibited Apo A-I protein expression and decreased HDL Cholesterol [18,19]
A total number of 300 subjects were evaluated at Arth Diagnostic Private Limited, Udaipur. 150 male chronic smokers who were smoking for more than 20 years, with an age range of 50 to 60 years, were included for this study after obtaining written informed consent (Group I). 150 male non-smokers, whom age and weight was approximately matched with the subjects in (Group I) were recruited as controls (Group II)
Summary
Smoking is one of the most potent and prevalent addictive habits, influencing behaviour of human beings. Cigarette smoking is a prominent risk factor for coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disorders. Smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease [11,12]. Various mechanisms leading to lipid alteration by smoking are: (a)nicotine results in increased secretion of hepatic free fatty acids and triglycerides along with VLDL-C in the blood stream by increasing the secretion of catecholamines and stimulating sympathetic adrenal system resulting in increased lipolysis [13]; (b)consumption of a diet lacking in fibre and cereal content but enriched with fat and cholesterol by smokers as compared to non-smokers [14]; (c) cigarette smoking is known to be associated with raised plasma Homocysteine level [15,16] which causes oxidative modification of LDL-Colesterol and decreases HDL-Cholesterol [17], several studies reported homocysteine inhibited Apo A-I protein expression and decreased HDL Cholesterol [18,19]
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