Abstract
This study set out to evaluate the detrimental impact of cigarette smoking on the metabolic characteristics of smokers, looking at how smoking altered physiological factors differently for both smokers and nonsmokers. The results showed a significant difference in hemoglobin content, a gauge of blood oxygenation, between smokers and non-smokers. The findings of the current investigation enable us to reach the following judgment: Leukocytes, average erythrocyte volume, and average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes are all increased by smoking cigarettes on a regular basis. These changes could raise the risk of cardiovascular disease, polycythemia, pulmonary disease, and/or atherosclerosis. According to the number of years of smoking, the groups of smokers in the analysis were divided, with smoking periods of 10 years or longer being the longest
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