Abstract
Objectives:Cigarette and Shisha smoking is becoming a common practice in young generation worldwide. Since, this is a growing threat to public health, our study aims to investigate the cognitive function responses of cigarette and Shisha inhalation in adolescents.Methods:This retrospective cross sectional study comprised three groups, cigarette smoker, Shisha smoker, and nonsmoker control group (each n=25). All the participants were apparently healthy male volunteers aged 21-24 years. Cognitive functions were assessed by employing “Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery”. The cognitive functions outcome variables were response time tasks (attention switching task (AST) and the percentage of correct answers pattern recognition memory (PRM) task.Results:Cigarette and Shisha smokers exhibited a considerable decline in cognitive performance parameters, AST mean correct latency (p=0.001), AST mean correct latency (congruent) (p=0.001), AST mean correct latency (incongruent) (p=0.001) and AST mean correct latency (switching) (p=0.001) compared to matched control group.Conclusions:Cigarette and Shisha smokers exhibited significant impairment in their cognitive functions. The present study findings convince that cigarette and Shisha smokers should quit smoking.
Highlights
Cigarette and Shisha smoking is frequently used among young adolescence.[1]
There was no significant effect among groups for attention switching task (AST) switching cost (F = 3.107; p=0.051), AST percent correct trials (F = .554; p=0.577) and pattern recognition memory (PRM) percent correct (F = 1.773; p=0.177, Table-II)
Cigarette and Shisha smoking is becoming a common practice in young generation
Summary
Cigarette and Shisha smoking is frequently used among young adolescence.[1]. The use of Shisha smoking is about 5%-17% and 6%-34% in American and Middle-Eastern adolescents, respectively. The studies have reported that its prevalence has reached up to 44.3% in the Middle Eastern countries.[2] In Shisha smoke, large amount of fruitflavored substances such as “coconut, plum, apple, mango, mint, cola, and strawberry and nicotine, carbon monoxide, fine and ultrafine particulate matter, volatile aldehydes, carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolic compounds are present”. Heavy metals such as lead and arsenic are present in Shisha smoke[3,4] which are frequently associated with several diseases.[5] Cigarette contains 1%-3% nicotine while Shisha tobacco has about 2%-4%.
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