Abstract
In this work, PVA nanocomposite films containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and different amounts of lignin nanoparticles (LNP), prepared via a facile solvent cast method, were crosslinked by adding glutaraldehyde (GD). The primary objective was to investigate the effects of crosslinker and bio-based nanofillers loading on thermal, mechanical, antioxidant and water barrier behaviour of PVA nanocomposite films for active food packaging. Thermogravimetric analysis showed improved thermal stability, due to the strong interactions between LNP, CNC and PVA in the presence of GD, while Wide-angle X-ray diffraction results confirmed a negative effect on crystallinity, due to enhanced crosslinking interactions between the nanofillers and PVA matrix. Meanwhile, the tensile strength of PVA-2CNC-1LNP increased from 26 for neat PVA to 35.4 MPa, without sacrificing the ductility, which could be explained by a sacrificial hydrogen bond reinforcing mechanism induced by spherical-like LNP. UV irradiation shielding effect was detected for LNP containing PVA films, also migrating ingredients from PVA nanocomposite films induced radical scavenging activity (RSA) in the produced films in presence of LNP. Furthermore, PVA-CNC-LNP films crosslinked by GD showed marked barrier ability to water vapour.
Highlights
Lignocellulosic materials, as the most abundant biopolymers and naturally available renewable resources, found in territorial plants, have been widely investigated
In our previous work [31], we found that lignin nanoparticles (LNP) and chitosan synergistically worked on the enhancement of antioxidant and antimicrobial response of physically crosslinked Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films, potentially enriching their applications in packaging and biomedical applications
Nanocomposite films containing amounts of cellulose crosslinked by adding glutaraldehyde (GD), were produced
Summary
Lignocellulosic materials, as the most abundant biopolymers and naturally available renewable resources, found in territorial plants, have been widely investigated. They are a balanced mixture of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and tannins, containing specific functionalities that permit their conversion, as alternative materials to fossil fuels, to biofuels and other organic compounds [1,2]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), as a hydrophilic and semi-crystalline polymer, has been widely applied in the food packaging, construction and household sectors, owing to its high performance, including organic excellent biocompatibility and solvent resistance [18,19]. Poor thermal stability, biological activity and high moisture absorption of PVA limit its application as active packaging.
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