Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been hypothesized to act by reducing the pathologically enhanced semantic, anxiety-related associations of patients with panic disorder. This study investigated the effects of CBT on the behavioral and neural correlates of the panic-related semantic network in patients with panic disorder. An automatic semantic priming paradigm specifically tailored for panic disorder, in which panic symptoms (e.g., "dizziness") were primed by panic triggers (e.g., "elevator") compared with neutral words (e.g., "bottle"), was performed during functional MRI scanning with 118 patients with panic disorder (compared with 150 healthy control subjects) before and 42 patients (compared with 52 healthy control subjects) after an exposure-based CBT. Neural correlates were investigated by comparing 103 pairs of matched patients and control subjects at the baseline (for patients) or T1 (for control subjects) assessment and 39 pairs at the posttreatment or T2 assessment. At baseline or T1, patients rated panic-trigger/panic-symptom word pairs with higher relatedness and higher negative valence compared with healthy control subjects. Patients made faster lexical decisions to the panic-symptom words when they were preceded by panic-trigger words. This panic-priming effect in patients (compared with control subjects) was reflected in suppressed neural activation in the left and right temporal cortices and insulae and enhanced activation in the posterior and anterior cingulate cortices. After CBT, significant clinical improvements in the patient group were observed along with a reduction in relatedness and negative valence rating and attenuation of neural activation in the anterior cingulate cortex for processing of panic-trigger/panic-symptom word pairs. The findings support a biased semantic network in panic disorder, which is normalized after CBT. Attenuation of anterior cingulate cortex activation for processing of panic-related associations provides a potential mechanism for future therapeutic interventions.
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