Abstract
BackgroundMany epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between carotenoids intake and risk of Prostate cancer (PCa). However, results have been inconclusive.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of dietary intake or blood concentrations of carotenoids in relation to PCa risk. We summarized the data from 34 eligible studies (10 cohort, 11 nested case-control and 13 case-control studies) and estimated summary Risk Ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models.ResultsNeither dietary β-carotene intake nor its blood levels was associated with reduced PCa risk. Dietary α-carotene intake and lycopene consumption (both dietary intake and its blood levels) were all associated with reduced risk of PCa (RR for dietary α-carotene intake: 0.87, 95%CI: 0.76–0.99; RR for dietary lycopene intake: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.75–0.98; RR for blood lycopene levels: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.69–0.96). However, neither blood α-carotene levels nor blood lycopene levels could reduce the risk of advanced PCa. Dose-response analysis indicated that risk of PCa was reduced by 2% per 0.2mg/day (95%CI: 0.96–0.99) increment of dietary α-carotene intake or 3% per 1mg/day (95%CI: 0.94–0.99) increment of dietary lycopene intake.Conclusionsα-carotene and lycopene, but not β-carotene, were inversely associated with the risk of PCa. However, both α-carotene and lycopene could not lower the risk of advanced PCa.
Highlights
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most abundant male cancer [1]
Our meta-analysis indicated that α-carotene and lycopene, but not β-carotene, were inversely associated with the risk of PCa and both α-carotene and lycopene could not lower the risk of advanced PCa
Inverse association between α-carotene and PCa risk was augmented by adjustment for education, family history of prostate cancer (FHPC), and alcohol and attenuated by adjustment for age and smoking, suggesting that the association was largely mediated through education, FHPC, and alcohol, smoking and age(Table 2)
Summary
PCa is the second most abundant male cancer [1]. Owing to the improved screening and early detection procedures, rising incidence rates of PCa have been observed over the last few decades [2]. The success in treating advanced PCa remains poor, drawing attention to dietary factors that may influence risk of this malignancy, carotenoids [3]. The average annual incidence rate of PCa between 1988 and 1992 among Chinese men in the United States was 15 times higher than that of their counterparts living in Shanghai and Tianjin [6], specially, the change of diet and lifestyle inevitably resulted in the increased prevalence of obesity in East Asia [7], which might be responsible for increasing trend of PCa in East Asia—all of which suggest that variations in lifestyle and diet may play a crucial role in PCa. Among a large number of components of foods, carotenoids, especially its main active ingredients—carotene and lycopene, have received special attention due to its promising antioxidative properties [8,9,10]. Many epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between carotenoids intake and risk of Prostate cancer (PCa).
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