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Abstract
Bone resorption is increased after running, with no change in bone formation. Feeding during exercise might attenuate this increase, preventing associated problems for bone. This study investigated the immediate and short-term bone metabolic responses to carbohydrate (CHO) feeding during treadmill running. Ten men completed two 7-day trials, once being fed CHO (8% glucose immediately before, every 20 min during, and immediately after exercise at a rate of 0.7 g CHO·kg body mass−1·h−1) and once being fed placebo (PBO). On day 4 of each trial, participants completed a 120-min treadmill run at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2 max). Blood was taken at baseline (BASE), immediately after exercise (EE), after 60 (R1) and 120 (R2) min of recovery, and on three follow-up days (FU1-FU3). Markers of bone resorption [COOH-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type 1 (β-CTX)] and formation [NH2-terminal propeptides of procollagen type 1 (P1NP)] were measured, along with osteocalcin (OC), parathyroid hormone (PTH), albumin-adjusted calcium (ACa), phosphate, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin, cortisol, leptin, and osteoprotogerin (OPG). Area under the curve was calculated in terms of the immediate (BASE, EE, R1, and R2) and short-term (BASE, FU1, FU2, and FU3) responses to exercise. β-CTX, P1NP, and IL-6 responses to exercise were significantly lower in the immediate postexercise period with CHO feeding compared with PBO (β-CTX: P = 0.028; P1NP: P = 0.021; IL-6: P = 0.036), although there was no difference in the short-term response (β-CTX: P = 0.856; P1NP: P = 0.721; IL-6: P = 0.327). No other variable was significantly affected by CHO feeding during exercise. We conclude that CHO feeding during exercise attenuated the β-CTX and P1NP responses in the hours but not days following exercise, indicating an acute effect of CHO feeding on bone turnover.
Highlights
Feeding influences the circadian rhythm of bone metabolism at rest [17]
Our main findings were that: 1) CHO feeding during exercise attenuated the -CTX and P1NP responses in the hours but not days following exercise; 2) IL-6 responded in a similar manner to bone turnover following CHO feeding during exercise
The reduction in bone resorption with CHO feeding during strenuous exercise suggests a potential strategy for athletes and those performing arduous occupational training to minimise increased bone resorption resulting from such exercise [19]
Summary
Feeding influences the circadian rhythm of bone metabolism at rest [17]. Markers of bone resorption decrease following mixed meal feeding [3] and ingestion of individual macronutrients at rest [1,7]. Scott et al [18] showed that feeding a mixed meal prior to exercise reduced β-CTX concentrations before a 60 min treadmill run, the subsequent increase in β-CTX during exercise was similar in fed and fasted groups. This indicated a novel interaction between feeding, exercise and bone metabolism that requires further study, in relation to feeding practices during and after exercise
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