Abstract
Chemical combinations of Ca-P produced via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and a hydrothermal treatment were fabricated to improve the initial corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of a biodegradable Mg-3Al-1Zn-1.5Ca alloy. For the formation of an amorphous calcium phosphate composite layer on the surface of a magnesium alloy, a PEO layer composed of MgO and Mg3(PO4)2 was formed by PEO in electrolytes containing preliminary phosphate ions. During the second stage, a thick and dense Ca layer was formed by Ca electrodeposition after PEO. Finally, a hydrothermal treatment was carried out for chemical incorporation of P ions in the PEO layer and Ca ions in the electrodeposition layer. The amorphous calcium phosphate composite layer formed by the hydrothermal treatment enhanced osteoblast activity and reduced H2O2 production, which is a known stress indicator for cells. As a result of co-culturing osteoblast cells and RAW 264.7 cells, the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate increased osteoblast cell differentiation and decreased osteoclast cell differentiation. Implanting the alloy, which had an amorphous calcium phosphate composite layer that had been added through hydrothermal treatment, in the tibia of rats led to a reduction in initial biodegradation and promoted new bone formation.
Highlights
Magnesium is a dietary element with the highest concentration in the body after potassium[1]
We investigated whether the chemical combination of P and Ca through the hydrothermal treatment improved the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of the alloy
A double-layer was formed on the surface of Mg-3Al-1Zn-1.5Ca alloy by Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment and the deposition of Ca
Summary
Magnesium is a dietary element with the highest concentration in the body after potassium[1]. Mg has a low density and mechanical properties similar to the properties of natural bone because it is absorbed readily by the body It is used widely in various types of implants[2]. Extensive efforts are being made to improve its compatibility by increasing its corrosion resistance through various surface treatments and by loading it with drugs or materials similar to bone[3, 4]. Ca electrodeposition on the phosphate layer is a chemical combination process that results in the formation of deposits similar to osseous tissue. It was reported that these materials have chemical compositions similar to bone tissue and can combine well with bone[15] Given these facts, an additional hydrothermal treatment after the PEO treatment can be used to deposit a large amount of HA. The films formed by the hydrothermal treatment at low temperatures (typically 100–200 °C) exhibit many desirable qualities, such as high purity, high thickness, and good adhesion[16]
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