Abstract
Abstract Aim To test the hypothesis that enamel surface deproteinisation with different concentrations of bromelain in association with 10% papain increases the shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets bonded with orthodontic composite and resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Materials and methods Orthodontic brackets were attached according to the following protocols to 195 bovine incisors, which were acquired and divided into 13 groups: 1) Transbond XT (TXT) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations; 2) Deproteinisation with 3% bromelain (BD) plus 10% papain and TXT; 3) 6% BD plus 10% Papain and TXT; 4) RMGIC, without enamel deproteinisation and without acid etching; 5) RMGIC, with 3% BD plus 10% papain and without acid etching; 6) RMGIC, with 6% BD plus 10% papain and without acid etching; 7) attachment using RMGIC following etching with polyacrylic acid; 8) 3% BD plus 10% papain, attachment using RMGIC and etching with polyacrylic acid; 9) 6% BD plus 10% papain, and attachment using RMGIC following etching with polyacrylic acid; 10) etching with 37% phosphoric acid and attachment using RMGIC; 11) 3% BD plus 10% papain, etching with 37% phosphoric acid and attachment using RMGIC; 12) 6% BD plus 10% papain, etching with 37% phosphoric acid and attachment using RMGIC; 13) deproteinisation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), etching with polyacrylic acid and RMGIC. After bonding, the brackets were removed by a universal mechanical testing machine, which recorded shear bond strength at failure. The material remaining on the tooth was assessed using the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Results Deproteinisation with 3% and 6% bromelain gel plus papain significantly increased the shear bond strength (p < 0.05), when acid etching was performed with phosphoric acid, followed by primer application and attachment using Transbond XT (Group 3) and when attached with RMGIC without etching. Deproteinisation with 6% bromelain gel plus papain significantly increased (p < 0.05) the ARI score only when attachment was performed using RMGIC, without etching (Group 6). Conclusions Deproteinisation with bromelain associated with papain in a gel increased the shear bond strength and is recommended before orthodontic bracket attachment.
Highlights
The removal of organic matter from the enamel surface facilitates acid etching[1] and makes orthodontic bracket bonding to teeth more effective.[2,3] Sodium hypochlorite and papain have been used for this purpose due to their proteolytic characteristics.[1,2,4]Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme of the cysteine proteinase group[5] extracted from Ananas comosus, commonly known as pineapple, which is a member of the Bromeliaceae family of tropical plants
The teeth were randomly divided into 13 groups (N = 15) and underwent varying bonding procedures according to the following protocols (Table I): Group 1: 37% phosphoric acid etching for 15 seconds, followed by primer application and bracket attachment using Transbond XT (3M Unitek, CA, USA)
The results demonstrated that enamel surface deproteinisation with bromelain gel at concentrations of 3% or 6% plus 10% papain significantly increased bracket shear bond strength (Figure 1A) in comparison with the phosphoric acid-etched control group (Group 1)
Summary
The removal of organic matter (deproteinisation) from the enamel surface facilitates acid etching[1] and makes orthodontic bracket bonding to teeth more effective.[2,3] Sodium hypochlorite and papain have been used for this purpose due to their proteolytic characteristics.[1,2,4]. Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme of the cysteine proteinase group[5] extracted from Ananas comosus, commonly known as pineapple, which is a member of the Bromeliaceae family of tropical plants. Its properties include anti-inflammatory,[6] anti-edeomatous,[7] anticoagulant, antibiotic,[8,9,10] antimetastatic[11] effects and assistance in wound debridement.[12,13].
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