Effect of breastfeeding on the HMGA2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in relation to first primary tooth emergence among Iraqi infants

Abstract

Abstract Backgrounds: Breastfeeding provides a large group of functional components that improve the infant’s health and development. additionally, the impact of human milk and genetic variants on complicated outcomes has also been the subject of several gene–nutrition interaction studies. This could also play a key part in the kinship that exists between offspring and their parents. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare breastfeeding to infants who were fed formula in order to determine if human milk affected the timing of teething in relation to genetic polymorphisms. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional comparative study concerning genetic analysis with a prospective view concerning the timing of eruption. The chosen sample included 40 breastfed infants and 40 infants who consumed formula milk. It was compiled from Baghdad’s health centers. For the genetic analysis, DNA samples were obtained from saliva throughout the buccal swab. Standard DNA extraction and real-time PCR techniques have been used according to the manufacturer’s instructions for the Quick-DNA™ MiniPrep kit (catalog nos. D3024 and D3025). For the whole sample, clinical examination and monitoring for emerging teeth were performed using a particular criterion. Results: findings showed that there were highly significant differences between breastfeeding and early eruption time for the first primary tooth. Also, there was a significant association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the heterozygous AG genotype and eruption time. Conclusion: The results of the current study may support the genetic influence of breast milk on early primary teeth eruption when juxtaposed with infants fed formula.