Effect of body mass index trajectory on hypertension among children and adolescents aged 5–18 years: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Background Hypertension has become increasingly prevalent in Chinese children and adolescents in recent decades, which affects growth and development of children, leads to cognitive decline and multiple target organ damage. Here, we assessed the impact of different body mass index (BMI) trajectories on the occurrence of hypertension in children and adolescents using a cohort study in Northeast China. Materials and methods Children and adolescents aged 5–18 years was extracted for physical examination in Fuxin City, Liaoning Province, China during the 2009–2015 period. A latent category growth mixed model (LCGMM) was used to classify BMI changes and analyze the effect of different BMI trajectories on the risk of occurrence of hypertension in these participants within 5 years. Results All participates were divided into five BMI trajectories by LCGMM method: slow increasing group (n = 2616, 30.8%), overweight and obesity (OW/OB) group (n = 1141, 13.4%), normal decreasing group (n = 232, 2.7%), stable normal group (n = 4383, 51.6%), and fast-increasing group (n = 120, 1.4%). Compared with the stable normal group, the slow increasing group [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.610, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.304–1.989], the OW/OB group (AOR: 3.172, 95% CI: 2.500–4.023) and the fast-increasing group (AOR: 2.708, 95% CI: 1.445–5.074) all increased the risk of developing hypertension in children and adolescents. Conclusion The potential of developing hypertension varies among groups of children aged 5–18 with different BMI trajectories. Children and adolescents in the normal BMI range (the slow growth group) still need to be aware of the change in BMI trajectory to stop or slow down the progression of BP abnormalities.