Abstract
Medical device related infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are difficult to treat mainly because of the increased bacterial genetic tolerance to antibiotics and its notorious biofilm formation property which has been reported to be achieved through a wide range of mechanisms. Current study is the demonstration of persistent antibiotic delivering potential and broad spectrum of activity of nanoantibiotic combinations designed from gold nanoparticles in conjugation with known antimicrobial agents. Such formulations are of potential applications as surface engineering agents on medical devices to prevent device mediated infection caused by pathogens like CoNS. For this, highly stable gold nanoparticles fabricated by a Bacillus sp. were functionalized with ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, rifampicin, and vancomycin and these nanoparticle-antibiotic conjugates were studied for its effectiveness against selected CoNS like Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Very interestingly, the designed conjugates were identified to have a profound antibacterial efficiency compared to pure antibiotic and AuNPs. Thus, the result of the study is with highly significant medical applications as the test organisms used are emerging opportunistic pathogens.
Highlights
Microbial development of resistance mechanisms and escalation of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases associated with medical procedures have become a serious problem with great concern to public health [1]
Gold nanoparticles have been exploited for its function as carrier for antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin [13,14,15,16], and fluorouracil [17]. These studies indicate the promising applications of AuNPs, and it is of particular interest to design AuNP-based conjugates to engineer surface of medical devices to efficiently prevent organisms like coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) which cause infections associated with insertion of medical devices
Once biofilm formation occurs on medical devices, dissemination of cells from this to other parts of the body happens which result in CoNS infection
Summary
Microbial development of resistance mechanisms and escalation of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases associated with medical procedures have become a serious problem with great concern to public health [1]. Gold nanoparticles have been exploited for its function as carrier for antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin [13,14,15,16], and fluorouracil [17] These studies indicate the promising applications of AuNPs, and it is of particular interest to design AuNP-based conjugates to engineer surface of medical devices to efficiently prevent organisms like CoNS which cause infections associated with insertion of medical devices. In the current work, biogenic AuNPs functionalized with antibiotics were studied for its effectiveness against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) strains isolated from clinical samples. Antibiotics-bound biogenic gold nanoparticles were prepared by stirring 1 ml of antibiotic solution with equal volume of biosynthesized AuNPs (20 μg/ml) for 15 min, followed by incubation for overnight at room temperature. The MIC endpoint was considered as the lowest concentration at which there is no visible growth in the wells [10]
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