Abstract
Limited availability of nutrients to crops is a major agricultural concern. Deteriorated soil health and poor fertility status decrease the bioavailability of essential nutrients to the plants. Consequently, organic soil amendment biochar is gaining attention due to its potential benefits. Rhizobacterial inoculation, are also documented as an effective technology for mobilization of immobile nutrients in soil. However, limited literature is available on combined use of rhizobacteria and biochar. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine the changes in the nutrient content of einkorn wheat and the change in some soil properties during the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with biochar. Four doses of biochar (0, 2.5, 5, and 10%) were applied with and without PGPR in the study. Biochar increased the growth criteria such as plant fresh weight (PFW), plant dry weight (PDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), number of tillers, germination rate (GR) and potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) elements. While PGPR application increased soil pH, dry and fresh weight of root, R/S, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Ni contents, and it caused a decrease in PH, PFW, tillers, GR, P, Cu, and Zn values. Combined biochar applications and PGPR had a significant effect on the pH, RFW, R/S, P, Na, and Cu. In conclusion, the combination of biochar and PGPR applications has shown a positive effect in terms of soil properties, plant growth, and element contents of einkorn wheat.
Highlights
Soil organic matter depletion over time is one of the critical problems encountered in agricultural lands
It has been reported that the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) on the development of plants are generally in the form of encouraging the production of phytohormones, promoting the increase in enzymatic activities, increasing nutrient intake, and increasing other mechanisms [12]
These results showed us that biochar applications are effective on root and supra-root accents, but they encourage a more radical accent development
Summary
Soil organic matter depletion over time is one of the critical problems encountered in agricultural lands. As a result of biochar application in agricultural areas, organic carbon in the soil decomposes more slowly, increasing the total amount of organic matter in the soil It has been stated by many researchers that the application of different biochar materials may have a slowing effect on the global climate. It has been reported that the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) on the development of plants are generally in the form of encouraging the production of phytohormones, promoting the increase in enzymatic activities, increasing nutrient intake, and increasing other mechanisms [12] They are used as biological agents against diseases and pests by increasing plant systemic resistance [13]. By considering the importance of biochar and PGPRs for the agricultural system, the present study aimed to determine the effects of increasing doses of biochar applications on the growth criteria of einkorn wheat grown in PGPR-infused and uninoculated environments and on some physical properties of the soil and the biofortification of wheat
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