Abstract
Amatoxin poisoning induces delayed-onset acute liver failure, which are responsible for more than 90% of deaths in mushroom poisoning. It has been postulated from animal and human studies that biliary drainage interrupting enterohepatic amatoxin circulation may affect amatoxin poisoning. Dogs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each. In 20 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg with biliary drainage groups, after accepting bile drainage operation, beagles were fed Amanita exitialis powder (20 or 60 mg/kg) in starch capsules. In control and bile drainage groups, the beagle dogs were fed with empty capsules. They were assessed for toxicity signs, biochemical and pathological changes, and peptide toxins in plasma, urine and bile. The data were directly compared with those from our published studies on Amanita exitialis-exposed beagles without biliary drainage. Amatoxins were rapidly absorbed and eliminated from plasma after Amanita exitialis ingestion. Amatoxins in 0–1-day urine accounted for more than 90% of the total urine excretion, and amatoxins in bile accounted for less than 20% of the total urine and bile excretion. The dogs with biliary drainage showed less severe toxicity signs and biochemical and pathological changes and much lower internal exposure than dogs without biliary drainage. Biliary drainage caused a more than 70% reduction in intestinal amatoxin absorption and could reduce amatoxin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Highlights
According to the Chinese Management Information System of Public Health Emergency, 3701 patients and 786 deaths were reported in 576 incidents of mushroom poisoning from 2004 to 2014 [1].Mushroom poisoning is considered the main cause of food poisoning-related mortality in China
We studied the effect of biliary drainage on the toxicity and toxicokinetics of Amanita exitialis by directly comparing the data obtained with those from our published studies on beagles with the exposure of the same dose of Amanita exitialis without bile drainage
Our study showed that α-amanitin, β-amanitin, and phallacidin are rapidly absorbed into systemic circulation after Amanita exitialis ingestion
Summary
According to the Chinese Management Information System of Public Health Emergency, 3701 patients and 786 deaths were reported in 576 incidents of mushroom poisoning from 2004 to 2014 [1].Mushroom poisoning is considered the main cause of food poisoning-related mortality in China. According to the Chinese Management Information System of Public Health Emergency, 3701 patients and 786 deaths were reported in 576 incidents of mushroom poisoning from 2004 to 2014 [1]. The section of Phalloideae in Amanita genus has been responsible for at least 70% of deaths from mushroom. Toxins 2018, 10, 215 poisoning incidents in China [2], and the hepatotoxic effects of amatoxins and phallotoxins from. Of RNA polymerase II to form a complex, and thereby progressively decrease the mRNA content, which causes inhibition of protein synthesis and eventually results in cell death [5]. It has been postulated that cross-linking effect by bifunctionality of the phallotoxin molecules or allostery of enforcing the coherence between actin units must play an important role in their stabilizing action [6]. Lesions are found in the liver [7]
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