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Abstract
Alongside an increase in obesity, society is experiencing the development of substantial technological advances. Interventions that are easily scalable, such as lifestyle (including diet and physical activity) mobile health (mHealth) self-monitoring, may be highly valuable in the prevention and treatment of excess weight. Thus, the aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to estimate the following: (i) the effect of behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring on weight loss and (ii) the adherence to behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring. MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Web of Science databases were systematically searched. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to estimate the effect of and adherence to behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring on weight loss. Twenty studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, yielding a moderate decrease in weight and higher adherence to intervention of behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring, which was greater than other interventions. Subgroup analyses showed that smartphones were the most effective mHealth approach to achieve weight management and the effect of behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring was more pronounced when compared to usual care and in the short-term (less than six months). Furthermore, behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring showed a higher adherence than: (i) recording on paper at any time and (ii) any other intervention at six and twelve months.
Highlights
Because no previous meta-analysis has synthesized the effect of lifestyle mobile health (mHealth) self-monitoring as part of behavioral weight management approach, the aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to estimate the following: (i) the effect of behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring on weight loss and (ii) the adherence to behavioral weight management interventions when lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring was used
Twenty studies [21–40] (Figure 1) addressing the effect of behavioral weight management interventions using lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring on weight loss were identified, which were conducted in six countries: 12 in the United States [21,23,25,28,31,33–35,37–40], two in the United
This systematic review and meta-analysis provides an overview of the evidence supporting lifestyle mHealth self-monitoring, as part of a behavioral weight management approach, as a suitable intervention for weight management in adults with overweight or obesity, resulting in a moderate decrease in weight and higher adherence to intervention, greater than with other interventions
Summary
Overweight and obesity are the fifth highest risk factors for global death, which corresponds to about 3.4 million deaths yearly, making them a global public health priority and a health challenge [1].According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the obesity rate has tripled since the 1980s.In 2014, 39% of the adult population was classified as overweight and 13% as obese [2,3], with an Nutrients 2020, 12, 1977; doi:10.3390/nu12071977 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2020, 12, 1977 estimated one billion people classified as overweight and 573 million people as obese [4] in 2030 if there is no attenuation of the current weight gain trends.The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and their association with many chronic diseases, namely cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and some cancers, has sparked the interest of researchers and scientific institutions looking for effective ways to promote a healthy lifestyle and weight control [1]. Overweight and obesity are the fifth highest risk factors for global death, which corresponds to about 3.4 million deaths yearly, making them a global public health priority and a health challenge [1]. In 2014, 39% of the adult population was classified as overweight and 13% as obese [2,3], with an Nutrients 2020, 12, 1977; doi:10.3390/nu12071977 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1977 estimated one billion people classified as overweight and 573 million people as obese [4] in 2030 if there is no attenuation of the current weight gain trends. The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and their association with many chronic diseases, namely cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and some cancers, has sparked the interest of researchers and scientific institutions looking for effective ways to promote a healthy lifestyle and weight control [1]. The use of self-monitoring in behavior change has a strong theoretical foundation, completing daily paper records appears to be quite tedious for most individuals [7]
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