Abstract
The contribution of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to mitigating/reducing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions was researched through a panel of 29 European countries from 2010 to 2019, using the econometric technique of method of moments quantile regression (MM-QR). This research is innovative by connecting the increasing use of electric vehicles with PM2.5 emissions and using the MM-QR to explore this relationship. Two models were estimated to analyse their contribution to reducing PM2.5 in European countries. The nonlinearity of the models were confirmed. The statistical significance of the variables is strong for the upper quantiles (75th and 90th), resulting from the effectiveness of European policies to improve the environment. Electric vehicles (BEVs and PHEVs), economic growth, and urbanisation reduce the PM2.5 problem, but energy intensity and fossil fuel consumption aggravate it. This research sheds light on how policymakers and governments can design proposals to encourage electric vehicle use in European countries. To achieve the long-term climate neutral strategy by 2050, it is imperative to implement effective policies to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and promote the adoption of electric vehicles using renewable energy sources.
Highlights
Many cities suffer from poor air quality in Europe
The results showed that CO2, SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 emissions in the reservoir per kilometre are significantly reduced when the battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are charged during off-peak hours instead of peak hours
The results showed that energy intensity and economic growth increase PM2.5 emissions
Summary
Many cities suffer from poor air quality in Europe. As a result, they frequently exceed the European Union’s (EU) Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62/EC and its daughter directives and guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). They frequently exceed the European Union’s (EU) Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62/EC and its daughter directives and guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) This issue is fine particulate matter (PM1.0), for which the daily rate of 50 μg/m3 is not to be exceeded on more than 35 days a year. In the many cities and regions in Europe, the yearly average limit values (40 μg/m3 ) are often exceeded [1]. The WHO guidelines represent global targets (for both industrialised and developing countries) above which increased mortality responses because of particulate matter air pollution are expected based on current scientific findings
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