Abstract
Obesity is a highly prevalent public health concern, attributed to multifactorial causes and limited in treatment options. Several comorbidities are closely associated with obesity such as the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Bariatric surgery, which can be delivered in multiple forms, has been remarked as an effective treatment to decrease the prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities. The different types of bariatric surgery create a variety of new pathways for food to metabolize in the body and truncate the stomach’s caliber. As a result, only a small quantity of food is tolerated, and the body mass index noticeably decreases. This review describes the improvements of obesity and its comorbidities following bariatric surgery and their mechanism of improvement. Additionally, endocrine function improvements after bariatric surgery, which contributes to the patients’ health improvement, are described, including the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 (FGF-19, FGF-21), and pancreatic peptide YY (PYY). Lastly, some of the complications of bariatric surgery, including osteoporosis, iron deficiency/anemia, and diarrhea, as well as their potential mechanisms, are described.
Highlights
Obesity has become a major global epidemic, plaguing societies for the past several decades
Since the liver is the central integrator of metabolism and, plays an essential role in maintaining proper health, it is unsurprising that a majority of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cases are associated with obesity, abnormal lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance
The present review describes the improvements of obesity and its comorbidities following bariatric surgery, as well as their mechanism of improvement
Summary
Obesity has become a major global epidemic, plaguing societies for the past several decades. Obesity contributes exponentially to society’s disease burden by increasing the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and liver disease. In addition to these comorbidities, obesity precipitates metabolic syndrome. The present review describes the improvements of obesity and its comorbidities following bariatric surgery, as well as their mechanism of improvement. Medical modalities for treatment of obesity—such as a balanced low-calorie diet, anorectic drugs, behavioral therapy, and exercise—have virtually no effect on most morbidly obese patients. In these situations, bariatric surgery is considered to be the most effective treatment option [15]
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