Abstract
Research was conducted in Poland in 2017–2019 at Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. It aimed at determining the effect of the bacteria Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, the amino acid L-alpha proline, and the mineral nitrogen fertiliser regime on iron content in soil during the period of rapid growth of spring wheat plants, as well as in spring wheat grain and straw. The following two factors were examined: (I) biological products: untreated control, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, L-alpha proline, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum + L-alpha proline; (II) mineral nitrogen fertiliser regime: nonfertilised control, 60 kg N·ha−1, 90 kg N·ha−1, 90 kg N·ha−1 + foliar fertilisation. The study demonstrated that, during the period of rapid spring wheat plant growth, Fe content was the highest in the soil following an application of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum + L-alpha proline + mineral nitrogen fertiliser applied at the rate of 90 kg N·ha−1. This combination resulted in the highest concentration and uptake of iron by spring wheat grain, whereas for straw, the same result was also achieved following mineral nitrogen fertiliser at a rate of 90 kg N·ha−1 + foliar fertilisation.
Highlights
The use of bacteria of the genus Bacillus sp. in the cultivation of cereals releases phosphorus from forms inaccessible to plants, such as calcium, iron, and aluminium phosphates, turning them into phosphates available to plants, and has a positive effect on the soil environment [1]
The iron content in the arable layer of the soil during the period of intense spring wheat growth was significantly differentiated by the vegetation period of plants and their interaction with biological preparations (Table 2)
An interaction was demonstrated, which shows that the highest iron concentration in the soil was recorded in 2017 after the use of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum with the amino acid L-alpha proline, and the lowest in 2018–2019 at a control facility, without the use of biological preparations
Summary
The use of bacteria of the genus Bacillus sp. in the cultivation of cereals releases phosphorus from forms inaccessible to plants, such as calcium, iron, and aluminium phosphates, turning them into phosphates available to plants, and has a positive effect on the soil environment [1]. Biological, and physical properties of the soil, especially when used in conjunction with amino acids This enables the absorption of larger amounts of macro- and microelements from the soil environment, including iron, which is so important for plants. The direct effect of biological preparations is to support plant growth, including stronger development of the root system, which is associated with the supply of more nutrients from the soil, including bound nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron, with the synthesis of phytohormones stimulating plant development, as well as lowering the level of ethylene, which adversely affects the rooting of plants. It is recommended to apply biological preparations that contain organic compounds and microorganisms, and create conditions encouraging their occurrence An application of these preparations contributes to an induction of plant resistance against pests, pathogens, or other stress-inducing factors [3], and increases the availability of microelements, including iron. The literature reports in this area are ambiguous, which requires further research
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