Abstract
Titanium Grade 4 (Ti G4) is the most commonly used material for dental implants due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility. A thin, self-passive oxide layer with protective properties to corrosion is formed on its surface. However, the spontaneous TiO2 layer is chemically unstable. In this work, the impact of autoclaving time on corrosion resistance of Ti G4 in artificial saliva solution with pH = 7.4 at 37 °C was studied. Ti G4 was sandblasted with white Al2O3 particles and autoclaved for 30–120 min. SEM, EDS, 2D roughness profiles, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and a Kelvin scanning probe were used for the surface characterization of the Ti G4 under study. In vitro corrosion resistance tests were conducted using open circuit potential, polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. It was found that Sa parameter, electron work function, and thickness of the oxide layers, determined based on impedance measurements, increased after autoclaving. The capacitive behavior and high corrosion resistance of tested materials were revealed. The improvement in the corrosion resistance after autoclaving was due to the presence of oxide layers with high chemical stability. The optimal Ti G4 surface for dentistry can be obtained by sandblasting with Al2O3 with an average grain size of 53 µm, followed by autoclaving for 90 min.
Highlights
The material in the initial state was the Titanium Grade 4 (Ti G4) dental metal with machine surface subsequently sandblasted with white Al2 O3 particles with a grain size of 53–75 μm
The determined value is close to the electron work function of 3.84 eV for titanium reported by Kumar and co-workers [72]
In the case of the non-autoclaved Ti G4 sample, the average value of WF equals to 3.98 eV (Table 10), which is the lowest amount of energy needed to release electrons from the surface of all tested materials
Summary
It is characterized by high corrosion resistance, low specific gravity and mechanical properties similar to bone tissue. This metal does not cause toxic reactions and is highly biocompatible with living tissue. There are no reports of allergic reactions to titanium. Due to these unique properties, titanium and its alloys are widely used in modern implantology, for the production of dental implants [1,2,3,4]. Studies have shown that these noble metals give a positive response in allergic patch tests, which excludes the possibility of their use on dental implants [5,6]
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