Abstract
In the environment plants are competing for water, nutrients and light, and other components. Their competition is not only based on shading but on the allelopathic interactions as well. Sticky willy (Galium aparine L.) is a nitrophilous weed growing in thickets, crop fields and on ruderal areas. Its sticky and strongly branching stems are connecting together stalks of grain make it difficult to harvest. G. aparine wraps around plants and limits their access to the light. It may to secrete allelopathic substances to the soil. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aqueous extracts from shoots G. aparine L. concentrations of 1, 3, and 5% on growth seedlings of Zea mays L. in two varieties: ‘Lokata’ F2, ‘Wilga’ F1 and F2. The seeds were placed on Petri dishes (100 units) and watered extracts from shoots G. aparine, and distilled water (control). The ability of seed germination was higher on extracts of concentration 1% for the variety ‘Wilga’ F1 and F2, and less for the ‘Lokata’ F2. Biometric analysis of seedling roots showed the stimulatory effect of 1% and 3% extracts, and the inhibitory for 5%. The fresh weight of maize seedlings was significantly higher on 1% extract, as compared to other and the control. The values of the dry weight of ‘Lokata’ F2 each concentration was lower in comparison to the control. The water contents in seedlings of the ‘Wilga’ F1 and ‘Lokata’ F2 varieties were significantly increased of each extracts, in comparison to control.
Highlights
Studies carried out so far in agrocenosis show that, both the crop plants and weeds release of chemicals substances into the environment which are toxic in high concentration, for other species, and to themselves (Tanveer et al, 2012; Mahboobi and Heidarian, 2016)
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of aqueous extracts of dry Galium aparine L. material at different concentration on energy and power of germination [i], morphology [ii], fresh and dry weight, percentage content of water [iii], electrolyte leakage [iv] of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings of two varieties: ‘Lokata’ F2, ‘Wilga’ F1 and F2
After 48 h, the germination energy was higher on the all G. aparine aqueous extracts for studied maize varieties, compared to the control sample
Summary
Studies carried out so far in agrocenosis show that, both the crop plants and weeds release of chemicals substances into the environment which are toxic in high concentration, for other species, and to themselves (Tanveer et al, 2012; Mahboobi and Heidarian, 2016). Sticky willy (Galium aparine L.) is a common weed, causes significant losses in yields of cereals and other crops all over the world (Fraud-Williams, 1985; Schroeder et al, 1993; Defelice, 2002; Vrbničanin et al, 2008) It is an annual plant of the Rubiaceae (bedstraw family) and is considered a cosmopolite species with a high degree of morphological and physiological plasticity. It can colonize a variety of different, natural and anthropogenic habitats. It mainly grows in cereal, rapeseed, and sugar beet crops, in garden crops, as well as on meadows, wastelands, and on roadsides (Aziz et al, 2009). Its aboveground parts (leaves and stems) have hooked hairs (Gorb and Gorb, 2002; Bowling et al, 2008) and can wrap around other plants in order to benefit from better conditions necessary to photosynthesis
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