Abstract
African studies on effect of antiretroviral drugs on the kidney are limited resulting to scanty information on the safety of these drugs. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the effects of antiretroviral drugs arved®, on creatinine, urea, potassium and sodium ions as well as histological effect on the kidney. A total of fifty two (52) albino rats were randomly divided into four groups labeled A, B, C and D and kept in a well ventilated room. All experimental groups shared the same environmental conditions. Group A served as the control and rats were treated with distil water. Rats in groups B, C and D were, respectively treated with three different doses of arved (1.07, 3.21, and 4.29 mg kg-1). The drug was administered orally daily for 2, 4, 6, and 8 consecutive weeks. Animals were sacrificed twenty four hours after the last treatment. Blood samples were collected into heparinized sample bottles for biochemical analyses. The result of this study revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in blood urea level in weeks 4 and 6 for treatment groups B and C when compared to control group. Mean creatinine values for all the treatment groups significantly increased (p<0.05) over the period of treatment when compared to the control value. Sodium ion showed a non significant increase (p>0.05) all through the period of treatment. Significant increase (of about 2 fold) (p<0.05) of potassium ion was observed in all the treatment groups in weeks 6 and 8 of treatment. Histological examination of the kidney tissue of rats in group D treated with the drug for 8 weeks did not show any morphological change similar to that of the control group. In conclusion prolonged treatment of HIV/AIDS patients with arved could result to renal dysfunction.Keywords: HIV; AIDs; Antiretroviral Drugs; Arved; Zidovudine; Lamivudine; Creatinine; Urea; Potassium ion; Sodium ion; hypokalemia
Highlights
Active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has revolutionized the management of HIV-AIDS and is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive individuals
Kidney disorders are encountered at all stages of HIV infection, and they range from acute kidney injury (AKI) and divalent disorders commonly seen in hospitalized patients to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Analysis of data from United States Renal Data System revealed that HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is more strongly associated with black race than any other cause of failure with the exception of sickle cell disease. (Abbott et al, 2001) Hailemarian et al, 2001 reported a series of 239 autopsies performed on patients with AIDS in Switzerland from 1981 to 1989
Summary
Active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has revolutionized the management of HIV-AIDS and is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive individuals. Associated nephropathy but as the disease evolves and people live longer, other causes of kidney diseases related to antiretroviral therapy and co-morbid conditions are becoming very important (Barsoum, 2006; Wild et al, 2006). HIVAN usually affects black patients and is known to be a leading cause of end- stage renal disease (ESRD) in this population in North America and in Europe. The marked racial predisposition of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) to blacks has been previously reported (D’ Agati et al, 1998) recent studies have confirmed this association. The only case of HIVAN in these autopsies was detected in one of the six African patients involved in the study.
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