Abstract
Our aims of the research were to study the antimicrobial effect of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) modified denture base resin on multi-species biofilms and the biocompatibility of this modified dental material. Candida albicans (C. albicans), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), as well as Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) were used for biofilm formation on denture base resin. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts, microbial viability staining, and 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) array were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of DMADDM. C. albicans staining and Real-time PCR were used to analyze the morphology and expression of virulence genes of C. albicans in biofilm. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) array and Real-time PCR were conducted to examine the results after biofilm co-cultured with epithelial cell. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining followed by histological evaluation were used to study the biocompatibility of this modified material. We found that DMADDM containing groups reduced both biomass and metabolic activity of the biofilm significantly. DMADDM can also inhibit the virulence of C. albicans by means of inhibiting the hyphal development and downregulation of two virulence related genes. DMADDM significantly reduced the cell damage caused by multi-species biofilm according to the LDH activity and reduced the expression of IL-18 gene of the cells simultaneously. The in vivo histological evaluation proved that the addition of DMADDM less than 6.6% in denture material did not increase the inflammatory response (p > 0.05). Therefore, we proposed that the novel denture base resin containing DMADDM may be considered as a new promising therapeutic system against problems caused by microbes on denture base such as denture stomatitis.
Highlights
Denture stomatitis, a common multi-factorial disease, can be caused by biofilm of denture surface owing to insufficient hygiene of oral cavity and dentures [1]
The less C. albicans in multi-species biofilm of DMADDM containing groups may result from two possible ways: (i) DMADDM can directly inhibit the growth and metabolic activity of C. albicans as proven by another project on C. albicans single species biofilm subjected to DMADDM treatment [31]; (ii) C. albicans dose benefit from oral bacteria [32], which means that DMADDM may block the C. albicans growth promotion caused by bacterial neighbors
It was well known that quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) has the “contact killing” antibacterial mechanism [28,29], while the antifungal mechanism of QAS remained unknown
Summary
A common multi-factorial disease, can be caused by biofilm of denture surface owing to insufficient hygiene of oral cavity and dentures [1]. Denture biofilm was associated with systemic diseases, such as malodor, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary candidiasis, as well as infectious endocarditis, especially in aged denture wearers [7,8,9,10]. These concerns suggest the need for a novel modified denture material, especially the ones with antimicrobial activity. It is more valid to construct multi-species biofilm containing denture stomatitis associated bacteria and fungi to value the effects of antimicrobial modified denture materials in vitro
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