Effect of annealing temperatures and of high content of the iron ion (Fe3+)-doping on transition anatase–rutile phase of nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films prepared by sol–gel spin coating

Abstract

Titanium dioxide doped with iron (III) was prepared by sol–gel Spin Coating method. The phase structures, morphologies, particle size of the doped TiO2 have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer. The XRD and Raman results show that the 10% Fe3+-doped TiO2 thin films crystallize in anatase phase between 600 and 800 °C, and into the anatase–rutile phase at 1,000 °C, and further into the rutile phase when the content of Fe3+ increases (20%). The grain size calculated from XRD patterns shows that the crystallinity of the obtained anatase particles increased from 39.4 to 43.4 nm as the temperature of annealing increase, whereas the size of rutile crystallites increases, with increasing Fe3+ concentrations from 36.9 to 38.1 nm. The AFM surface morphology results confirmed that the particle size increases by increasing the annealing temperature and also with an increasing of Fe3+ content. The optical band gap (E g) of the films was determined by the UV–Vis spectrophotometer. We have found that the optical band gap decreased with an increasing of annealing temperatures and also with an increasing of Fe3+ content.