Abstract
The effect of an oxidizing environment on the phase formation of lead oxide nanowires is reported. The phase structure, optical properties, sizes and morphologies of the nanowires have been investigated by atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and UV—Vis-NIR reflectance diffusion spectrums. The phase structure of the lead oxide nanowires is very sensitive to both the process temperature and the oxygen flow/oxygen partial pressure. Single phase oxide nanowires can be obtained only in a narrow, low temperature range and within a low oxygen partial pressure. The wire morphology of Pb nanowires has been perfectly maintained after being oxidized.
Highlights
Most current automotive storage batteries are lead acid batteries due to their being inexpensive, high power capability, reliability, safety, and 98% recyclability
The sizes and morphologies of the final product were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM, DI-Multimode), the phase structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the optical properties measured by a LAMBDA 750 ultraviolet-visible spectrometer
Our results revealed that the phase structure of Pb oxide nanowires is very sensitive to the oxygen partial pressure during oxidation of the Pb nanowires
Summary
Most current automotive storage batteries are lead acid batteries due to their being inexpensive, high power capability, reliability, safety, and 98% recyclability. The low specific energy (∼30 Wh/kg) and short cycle life of current commercial lead acid batteries prevent them from being used for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles applications. It is known that the low specific energy of lead acid batteries arises mainly from the low utilization of active materials. The utilization rate of active materials in a current lead acid battery is about 25% to 35% Such a low utilization rate is mainly determined by the electrochemical reaction area and the connectivity between the particles of the active materials.[1] These properties rely on the size and shape of the particles of the active materials. W. Pan et al.[10] synthesized PbO nanowires through electron beam irradiation of PbO2 nanobelts. Pan et al.[10] synthesized PbO nanowires through electron beam irradiation of PbO2 nanobelts These techniques are relatively expensive and this may inhibit their use in industry. The phase structure, sizes and morphologies of the nanowires were investigated by atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and UV-Vis-NIR reflectance diffusion spectrums
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