Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of physical exercise as well as the influence of hydration with an isotonic sports drink on renal function in male Wistar rats. Four groups were studied over a period of 42 days: 1) control (N = 9); 2) physical exercise (Exe, N = 7); 3) isotonic drink (Drink, N = 8); 4) physical exercise + isotonic drink (Exe + Drink, N = 8). Physical exercise consisted of running on a motor-driven treadmill for 1 h/day, at 20 m/min, 5 days a week. The isotonic sports drink was a commercial solution used by athletes for rehydration after physical activity, 2 ml administered by gavage twice a day. Urine cultures were performed in all animals. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected in metabolic cages at the beginning and at the end of the protocol period. Urinary and plasma parameters (sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, calcium) did not differ among groups. However, an amorphous material was observed in the bladders of animals in the Exe + Drink and Drink groups. Characterization of the material by Western blot revealed the presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein and angiotensin converting enzyme. Physical exercise and the isotonic drink did not change the plasma or urinary parameters measured. However, the isotonic drink induced the formation of intravesical matrix, suggesting a potential lithogenic risk.
Highlights
Sports drinks have been developed primarily for use during or after exercise, and in general contain carbohydrate and low concentrations of electrolytes, usually sodium and potassium [1]
The main finding of the present study was that an isotonic sports drink promotes the formation of an amorphous substance in Wistar rat bladder, which suggests a lithogenic risk in the present experimental protocol
In this study, no significant difference was found in plasma or urinary sodium concentration (Table 1), suggesting that the formation observed in response to the isotonic sports drink was not dependent on sodium
Summary
Sports drinks have been developed primarily for use during or after exercise, and in general contain carbohydrate and low concentrations of electrolytes, usually sodium and potassium [1]. Patients with a high incidence of renal stone formation are strongly advised to maintain hydration This advice should be even stronger if patients practice physical activity [2]. Urolithiasis is a sequence of complex physical processes that involve saturation, supersaturation, nucleation, aggregation, and stones formation [3] It can originate mainly from low urinary volumes, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, and hypomagnesiuria, and from urinary infection [4]. Acute renal colic can be induced by exercises, dehydration and reduction of urinary volume. Other factors such as increased protein ingestion and administration of some medicines have been reported [5]
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