Effect of ammonia on in vivo and in vitro immune responses

Abstract

The effects of exposure of animals to ammonia on their delayed type of dermal response, the mitogenic and antigenic responses of their lymphocytes, and the bactericidal and phagocytic activities of their alveolar macrophages were examined. Experimental guinea pigs vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG were exposed to 3.75 micrograms of ammonia per dl of air (50 ppm) or 6.75 micrograms of ammonia per dl of air (90 ppm), whereas control animals also vaccinated with BCG were maintained in the normal environment. The delayed type of dermal response to tuberculin injected 3 weeks later was significantly (P less than 0.05) less in experimental animals exposed to 6.75 micrograms of ammonia per dl than in control animals. In vitro, the response of blood lymphocytes and bronchial lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and tuberculin stimulation was significantly (P less than 0.01) less than the response of lymphocytes from control animals. The response of normal blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin incubated in medium containing 1 or 10 mg of ammonia per dl was significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced as compared with the response of lymphocytes incubated without ammonia. The viability of lymphocytes incubated with these concentrations of ammonia was significantly (P less than 0.01) affected. There was no significant difference in the bactericidal or phagocytic activities of alveolar macrophages collected from animals exposed to ammonia and control animals. However, ammonia added to the culture of alveolar macrophages from normal animals significantly inhibited their bactericidal activity.