Effect of Alkali-modified Kenaf Fiber Incorporation on the Biodegradability and Hydrolytic Degradability of Used Polyethylene Material

Abubakar Umar Birnin-Yauri,Aliyu Muhammad,Sayudi Haruna Yahaya,Hannatu Abubakar Sani,Ahmad Umar,Aminu Umar,Mustapha Maccido,Ibrahim Garba Wawata

doi:10.11648/j.ajpst.20200601.11

Abstract

Polyethylene (PE)-based plastic wastes are non-biodegradable and tend to persistently disturb and destroy the environment. The novel approach in this research is incorporation of alkali-modified kenaf fiber into the used PE material aiming at improving its biodegradability and hydrolytic degradation. The alkaline modification of the kenaf fiber was achieved using 5wt. % sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution as revealed by chemical composition analysis and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy of the alkali-treated fiber. Melt-blending approach was employed to fabricate composites using both treated and un-treated kenaf fibers together with the used low density PE, in the form of table water sachets, at various fiber-to-PE loading formulations. Characterizations of these composites were conducted for their biodegradability using Sandy soil. Additional characterizations conducted included hydrolytic degradation and thermogravimetric analysis respectively. In the results obtained for biodegradation and hydrolytic degradation, the alkali treated kenaf fiber-PE composites revealed a more promising performance than its corresponding un-treated kenaf fiber-PE composites. The higher the kenaf fiber the higher the biodegradation and hydrolytic degradation respectively. These composites also showed higher hydrolytic degradation as well as higher thermal stability in comparison to their corresponding un-treated kenaf fiber-PE composites. The findings on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that alkali-modified kenaf fiber incorporated PE composites showed a more statistically significant results for biodegradation and hydrolytic degradation particularly between 60 to 90 days retention periods.

Highlights

IntroductionPolyethylene (PE) is one of the most widely used petroleumbased thermoplastic polymer in the world owing to its good material properties such as toughness, near-zero moisture absorption, low coefficient of friction, excellent chemical inertness, ease of processing and low electrical conductivity
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most widely used petroleumbased thermoplastic polymer in the world owing to its good material properties such as toughness, near-zero moisture absorption, low coefficient of friction, excellent chemical inertness, ease of processing and low electrical conductivity.These material properties associated with PE enabled its wide spectrum of applications in areas such as pipes, sheet, containers, plastic bags and other products [1]
The results on hydrolytic degradation and biodegradation of the composites are depicted in Figures 7 and 8 respectively

Summary

Introduction

Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most widely used petroleumbased thermoplastic polymer in the world owing to its good material properties such as toughness, near-zero moisture absorption, low coefficient of friction, excellent chemical inertness, ease of processing and low electrical conductivity. These material properties associated with PE enabled its wide spectrum of applications in areas such as pipes, sheet, containers, plastic bags and other products [1]. Abubakar Umar Birnin-Yauri et al.: Effect of Alkali-modified Kenaf Fiber Incorporation on the Biodegradability and Hydrolytic Degradability of Used Polyethylene Material degradable polymer being used extensively in many applications It is the first commodity plastic to be used for food packaging which came into general use in the 1950s. It has achieved its dominant position as a packaging material for a wide range of foods and beverages due to its relative low cost, versatile properties and the ease with which it can be manufactured and converted [4]

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Conclusion