Abstract
Single crystalline Ni nanowires (with a controlled diameter of ∼14 nm) have been fabricated by electrochemical deposition in etched ion-track polycarbonate templates. The exchange bias effect in these nanowires has been studied at 10 K under a cooling field of 10 kOe applied parallel to the wire axis for different time intervals starting from the as-fabricated to ∼2 yr old samples. A continuous drop in the saturation magnetization has been observed with time due the formation of an antiferromagnetic oxide layer at the periphery of nanowires. A model for the drop of magnetization has been used to calculate the thickness of the oxide layer in nickel nanowires. The observed variation in exchange bias and saturation magnetization has been explained by taking into account the exchange interactions at the Ni-NiO interface and the development of antiferromagnetic NiO at the expense of metallic Ni.
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