Abstract
The beneficial effects of exercise have been recognized for many years yet the molecular mechan- isms by which exercise show benefits on health are still elusive. A combination of experimental and bioinformatics approaches can be an invaluable tool to increase the cellular understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the aerobic exercise in obese adolescents. Muscle skelet- al proteins were separated by 2D-PAGE and changes in protein expression were revealed by Im- ageMaster 2D Platinum analysis software. Proteins with expression changes after aerobic exercise were identified by comparison with 2D maps from SWISS-2DPAGE and interactions of proteins were analyzed with STRING and DAVID databases. After aerobic exercise, all participants de- creased glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, body mass index and waist circumference. Proteomic differential analysis revealed 10 overexpressed proteins after aerobic training, which correspond to carbonic anhydrase III, beta enolase, creatine kinase, ATP synthase beta subunit, aldolase A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase. Exercise increased glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, which is likely to be regulated by ubiquitin c protein. In conclusion, our analysis sug- gested that obese adolescents show changes in their body mass index, waist circumference and serum glucose after aerobic exercise through improved protein expression patterns that aid, es- pecially, glucose metabolism and increase the oxidative phosphorylation. The most likely expla- nation for the observed pattern is that ubiquitin c protein keeps the glycolytic enzymes bound * Corresponding author.
Highlights
Over the past decade or so, changes in lifestyle have resulted in decreased physical activity and increased obesity [1]
Venous blood samples were obtained at rest from the antecubital vein to measure glucose, insulin and lipid profiles; the glucose was determined by enzymatic colorimetric method, glucose oxidase/peroxidase (BioSystems, USA), the insulin level was determined by radioimmunoassay (Human Insulin Specific, MILLIPORE, USA), the lipid profile was determined by enzymatic colorimetric method (SPINREACT, Spain)
Five proteins corresponding to glycolytic pathway, one to oxidative phosphorylation, one to pyruvate reduction and NAD+ regeneration and two proteins have the function to transfer high energy phosphates
Summary
Over the past decade or so, changes in lifestyle have resulted in decreased physical activity and increased obesity [1]. Obese patients have often been diagnosed with “muscle skeletal inflexibility”, characterized by lipid toxicity and a tendency to develop insulin resistance [2]. Patients with insulin resistance have alterations in metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation and AMP protein kinase dependent pathways [3]. There is enough background literature to show the benefits of exercise in healthy people [4], diabetic patients [5], postmenopausal women [6], obese adolescents [7] and children with insulin resistance [8]. Metabolic improvements are explained partially due to changes in skeletal muscle system [9]. Skeletal muscle is an important metabolic tissue because during exercise it metabolizes carbohydrates and lipids in the mitochondrion
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