Effect of Acrylamide Supplementation on the Population of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)-Like Immunoreactive Neurons in the Porcine Small Intestine.

Katarzyna Palus,Jarosław Całka,Michał Bulc

doi:10.3390/ijms21249691

Abstract

Acrylamide is one of the harmful substances present in food. The present study aimed to establish the effect of acrylamide supplementation in tolerable daily intake (TDI) dose (0.5 µg/kg b.w./day) and a dose ten times higher than TDI (5 µg/kg b.w./day) on the population of vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) neurons in the porcine small intestine and the degree of the co-localization of VIP with other neuroactive substances (neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART)). In our work, 15 Danish landrace gilts (5 in each experimental group) received capsules (empty or with low or high doses of acrylamide) for a period of 28 days with their morning feeding. Using double immunofluorescence staining, we established that acrylamide supplementation increased the number of neurons showing immunoreactivity towards VIP in all types of enteric nervous system (ENS) plexuses and fragments of the small intestine studied. Moreover, both doses of acrylamide led to changes in the degree of co-localization of VIP with nNOS, SP, and CART in intramural neurons. The observed changes may be the adaptation of neurons to local inflammation, oxidative stress, or the direct toxic effects of acrylamide on intestinal neurons, also referred to as neuronal plasticity.

Highlights

In recent years, consumer awareness has increased, and stricter legal regulations have forced food producers to control the levels and limit the presence of harmful substances in food that may have a negative impact on human health and life
The current study provides, for the first time, comprehensive data describing the effect of acrylamide supplementation on the population of vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) neurons in the porcine small intestine
Acrylamide administration increased the population of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-LI intramural neurons in the porcine small intestine

Summary

Introduction

Consumer awareness has increased, and stricter legal regulations have forced food producers to control the levels and limit the presence of harmful substances in food that may have a negative impact on human health and life. One of these substances is acrylamide (ACM). Large amounts of ACM have been confirmed in high-carbohydrate, heat-treated food products It is formed in the Maillard reaction between free asparagine and reducing sugars (glucose, fructose) during thermal processing (above 120 ◦C), such as frying, baking, toasting, grilling, and extrusion [2]. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the main ways of ACM absorption [8], many issues related to its effect on the gut remain unclear

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Conclusion