Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acacia polyphenol (AP) supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver and skeletal muscle. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), liver and skeletal muscle levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and levels of skeletal muscle protein carbonyls increased immediately after exhaustive exercise. Exhaustive exercise also decreased liver glutathione (GSH). These results suggest that the exhaustive exercise used in this study induced tissue damage and oxidative stress. Contrary to our expectations, AP supplementation increased plasma AST and alanine aminotransferase activities, liver levels of TBARS, and protein carbonyls. Furthermore, AP supplementation decreased glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver. On the other hand, AP supplementation decreased TBARS levels in skeletal muscle. These results suggest that oral high-dose AP administration decreased oxidative stress in skeletal muscle but induced oxidative stress in the liver and increased hepatotoxicity.
Highlights
Regular physical exercise or physical activity has many health benefits such as reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes [1,2,3]
There was no significant difference in running time to exhaustion between the mice of the exercise only (Ex) group and the Ex + acacia polyphenol-supplemented (APS) group (Ex group: 157 ± 12 min versus Ex + APS group: 146 ± 11 min, p = 0.521)
Liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations increased immediately after the exhaustive exercise (p < 0.05; Figure 2A), while TBARS and protein carbonyl concentrations increased after acacia polyphenol (AP) supplementation (p < 0.05; Figure 2A,B)
Summary
Regular physical exercise or physical activity has many health benefits such as reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes [1,2,3]. Acute vigorous exercise induces muscle and tissue injuries which relate to free radical and oxidative stress production [3,4]. The term oxidative stress describes a condition in which the cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the capacity of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Exhaustive exercise-induced tissue injury or inflammation can be called short-term oxidative stress, but insufficient antioxidant response may not be able to reverse the toxic effect of excessively produced free radicals [7]. Prolonged exercise induces antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on leukocyte-derived ROS, indicating a protection of oxidative damage [8]. It is thought that consuming antioxidants is important for athletes and untrained individuals alike, to protect against exercise-induced oxidative stress, tissue damage, and limit decreases in exercise performance
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