Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used for biomedical optical diagnosis and surgical resection of tumours. This work investigates laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of fluorescence inclusions that are embedded in turbid media. 405 nm laser diode is used for exciting buried protoporphyrin- (PpIX) based inclusions in brain-like optical phantoms. Effects of scattering and absorption of the turbid medium on the recorded fluorescence signal and depth-resolved fluorescence were studied. Results show that optical properties of the surrounding turbid medium influence the intensity of the fluorescence signal. Absorption coefficient of the surrounding medium is the major contributor to the fluorescent signal. Analysis of the recorded fluorescence spectra shows that the effect of absorption coefficient is larger than the effect of scattering coefficient on the fluorescence intensity by nearly fivefold. The findings indicate that the fluorescence signal could be used as a biomarker of optical property variations through different stages of malignancy. This can enhance the detectability of malignant tissue for diagnostic and surgical purposes as well.
Highlights
Surgical removal of tumour mass is the most commonly used approach in the management of cancer [1]; precision and effectiveness of these procedures have increasingly become challenging in medicine [2]
Locations of tumours might be determined intraoperatively by visual inspection under bright light and information provided by advanced surgical navigation systems including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and intraoperative ultrasound [3]
Fluorescence spectroscopy has been highly developed for tumour surgery using the optical contrast provided by protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) that is endogenously synthesized in tumour cells following administration of the prodrug δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), whereas PpIX is a natural substance in the heme cycle which is rapidly eliminated from the tissue [9]
Summary
Surgical removal of tumour mass is the most commonly used approach in the management of cancer [1]; precision and effectiveness of these procedures have increasingly become challenging in medicine [2]. Several optical spectroscopy-based techniques have been developed and tested to meet this need [6]. Fluorescence spectroscopy is one of the promising optical modalities for this purpose [7]. It is a noninvasive technique in terms of excitation and detecting the remitted signal on the surface. Us, fluorescence spectroscopy provides a potential optical technique for discriminating healthy and tumour tissues [8]. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been highly developed for tumour surgery using the optical contrast provided by protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) that is endogenously synthesized in tumour cells following administration of the prodrug δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), whereas PpIX is a natural substance in the heme cycle which is rapidly eliminated from the tissue [9]. Laser wavelength at 405 nm is absorbed by protoporphyrin IX. e molecules of PpIX re-emit the fluorescence spectrum with pronounced peaks at 635 nm and 704 nm [10]. erefore, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is a Spectrometer
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