Effect of a Simvastatin-Impregnated Chitosan Scaffold on Cell Growth and Osteoblastic Differentiation

Ghaliah M Alsawah,Ebtissam M Al-Madi,Mohammad I Al-Obaida

doi:10.3390/app11125346

Ghaliah M Alsawah, Ebtissam M Al-Madi + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125346

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Journal: Applied Sciences	Publication Date: Jun 9, 2021
Citations: 3	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: King Saud University

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the effect of chitosan (CS) scaffold, alone, and the potential synergistic effect when impregnated with simvastatin (SIM), on immortalized human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hbMMSCs) compared to CollaCote (CL). CS scaffolds were fabricated and seeded with immortalized hBMMSCs. Samples were divided into control groups (negative with no added material and positive with CL added) and four experimental groups: CS alone, CS/SIM 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 mg, respectively. Cell viability, osteoblastic differentiation and calcium deposition were investigated via AlamarBlue, alkaline phosphate activity assays and alizarin red S staining at 1 and 14 days, respectively. At day one, no significant difference was noted between the groups regarding cell viability. However, all CS/SIM groups showed significant cutback at day 14 in cell proliferation compared to CS alone and CL groups (p < 0.001). All groups supported osteoblastic differentiation with no significant difference. Alkaline phosphate activity increased in both time periods in the CS/SIM 0.05 mg group compared to the other SIM groups, with no significant difference among the experimental groups. Chitosan scaffold is a bioactive compatible material capable of regenerative potential of hBMMSCs and a promising material to be used for perforation repair.

Highlights

Previous studies have shown that both CS and SIM promote proliferation and osteoblastic/odontoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, supported by alkaline phosphate (ALP) production, mineralization, and bone sialoprotein expression [5,16,19]
Our results are in agreement with these studies in using CS alone, where the cells were able to proliferate and present differentiation patterns on the scaffold structure while SIM did not promote cell proliferation within all groups and only supported cell differentiation
The range of SIM doses is broad in the literature and varied values have been reported as optimum concentrations; 0.01–1 μmol/L SIM was shown to have a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic/odontoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) [14], 0.2 μM SIM was found to be the ideal concentration for mouse bone marrow MSC proliferation [22], 10−8 M was reported to be the optimum dose for periodontal ligament cell osteoblastic differentiation [23] and recently 0.1 μmol/L SIM was selected as the bioactive dose for dental pulp cell migration and odontoblastic differentiation [5]

Summary

Introduction

Successful tissue regeneration requires the presence of three main components: stem cells, growth factors, and a scaffold [1]. It is similar to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are important structural elements of the extracellular matrix of many tissues [4]. It has generated great interest in multiple medical fields, for TE and wound healing. CS is biocompatible and biodegradable into nontoxic components, and has hemostatic potential and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties; it promotes cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [3]. A porous CS scaffold was produced and proven to be capable of increasing the regenerative potential of dental pulp cells and odontoblastic differentiation [5]

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