Abstract
BackgroundOsteoporosis is a skeletal disease associated with high morbidity, mortality and increased economic costs. Early prevention during adolescence appears to be one of the most beneficial practices. Exercise is an effective approach for developing bone mass during puberty, but some sports may have a positive or negative impact on bone mass accrual. Plyometric jump training has been suggested as a type of exercise that can augment bone, but its effects on adolescent bone mass have not been rigorously assessed. The aims of the PRO-BONE study are to: 1) longitudinally assess bone health and its metabolism in adolescents engaged in osteogenic (football), non-osteogenic (cycling and swimming) sports and in a control group, and 2) examine the effect of a 9 month plyometric jump training programme on bone related outcomes in the sport groups.Methods/DesignThis study will recruit 105 males aged 12–14 years who have participated in sport specific training for at least 3 hours per week during the last 3 years in the following sports groups: football (n = 30), cycling (n = 30) and swimming (n = 30). An age-matched control group (n = 15) that does not engage in these sports more than 3 hours per week will also be recruited. Participants will be measured on 5 occasions: 1) at baseline; 2) after 12 months of sport specific training where each sport group will be randomly allocated into two sub-groups: intervention group (sport + plyometric jump training) and sport group (sport only); 3) exactly after the 9 months of intervention; 4) 6 months following the intervention; 5) 12 months following the intervention. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance), bone stiffness index (ultrasounds), physical activity (accelerometers), diet (24 h recall questionnaire), pubertal maturation (Tanner stage), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular), bone turnover markers and vitamin D will be measured at each visit.DiscussionThe PRO-BONE study is designed to investigate the impact of osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent males during puberty, and how a plyometric jump training programme is associated with body composition parameters.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease associated with high morbidity, mortality and increased economic costs
The PRO-BONE study is designed to investigate the impact of osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent males during puberty, and how a plyometric jump training programme is associated with body composition parameters
PRO-BONE will assess the longitudinal impact of osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescents aged 12–14 years old
Summary
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease associated with high morbidity, mortality and increased economic costs. Plyometric jump training has been suggested as a type of exercise that can augment bone, but its effects on adolescent bone mass have not been rigorously assessed. Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease associated with high morbidity and mortality [1]. Contested [4], it is generally accepted that acquiring a high bone mass during childhood and adolescence is a key determinant of adult skeletal health [5,6,7]. 60% of osteoporotic cases in adult life are related to low bone mineral content (BMC) in adolescence with up to 50% of total body (TB) bone mass achieved during this period of life [8,9]. Environmental and lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA) [12] and nutrition, i.e. calcium intake [13] and vitamin D [14], are known to have important osteogenic effects and have been the key focus in several interventions
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