Abstract
Objectives: The transgingival part of titanium implants is either machined or polished. Cell-surface interactions as a result of nano-modified surfaces could help gingival fibroblast adhesion and support antibacterial properties by means of the physico-mechanical aspects of the surfaces. The aim of the present study was to determine how a nanocavity titanium surface affects the viability and adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). Additionally, its properties against Porphyromonas gingivalis were tested. Material and Methods: Two different specimens were evaluated: commercially available machined titanium discs (MD) and nanostructured discs (ND). To obtain ND, machined titanium discs with a diameter of 15 mm were etched with a 1:1 mixture of 98% H2SO4 and 30% H2O2 (piranha etching) for 5 h at room temperature. Surface topography characterization was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Samples were exposed to HGF-1 to assess the effect on cell viability and adhesion, which were compared between the two groups by means of MTT assay, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. After incubation with P. gingivalis, antibacterial properties of MD and ND were determined by conventional culturing, live/dead staining and SEM. Results: The present study successfully created a nanostructured surface on commercially available machined titanium discs. The etching process created cavities with a 10–20 nm edge-to-edge diameter. MD and ND show similar adhesion forces equal to about 10–30 nN. The achieved nanostructuration reduced the cell alignment along machining structures and did not negatively affect the proliferation of gingival fibroblasts when compared to MD. No differences in the expression levels of both actin and vinculin proteins, after incubation on MD or ND, were observed. However, the novel ND surface failed to show antibacterial effects against P. gingivalis. Conclusion: Antibacterial effects against P. gingivalis cannot be achieved with nanocavities within a range of 10–20 nm and based on the piranha etching procedure. The proliferation of HGF-1 and the expression levels and localization of the structural proteins actin and vinculin were not influenced by the surface nanostructuration. Further studies on the strength of the gingival cell adhesion should be performed in the future. Clinical relevance: Since osseointegration is well investigated, mucointegration is an important part of future research and developments. Little is known about how nanostructures on the machined transgingival part of an implant could possibly influence the surrounding tissue. Targeting titanium surfaces with improved antimicrobial properties requires extensive preclinical basic research to gain clinical relevance.
Highlights
Peri-implantitis, which is characterized by an inflammatory reaction of the implant surrounding tissue, is caused by bacteria directly adhering onto the surface of implants [1,2]
To obtain nanostructured discs (ND), machined titanium discs with a diameter of 15 mm were etched with a 1:1 mixture of 98% H2SO4 and 30% H2O2 for 5 h at room temperature
Surface topography characterization was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Summary
Peri-implantitis, which is characterized by an inflammatory reaction of the implant surrounding tissue, is caused by bacteria directly adhering onto the surface of implants [1,2]. It is quite a frequent finding with a weighted mean prevalence of 22% (CI: 14–30%) of dental implants [3]. Titania nanotubes with a diameter of 100 nm could successfully enhance gingival fibroblast proliferation and attachment while reducing the adhesion of P. gingivalis [14] In this regard, there seem to be different targets in terms of how a nanostructure should be designed, and implants with such surfaces have not yet been introduced into the field
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