Abstract
BackgroundDecrease of dual-task (DT) ability is known to be one of the risk factors for falls. We developed a new game concept, Dual-Task Tai Chi (DTTC), using Microsoft’s motion-capture device Kinect, and demonstrated that the DTTC test can quantitatively evaluate various functions that are known risk factors for falling in elderly adults. Moreover, DT training has been attracting attention as a way to improve balance and DT ability. However, only a few studies have reported that it improves cognitive performance.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether or not a 12-week program of DTTC training would effectively improve cognitive functions.MethodsThis study examined cognitive functions in community-dwelling older adults before and after 12 weeks of DTTC training (training group [TG]) or standardized training (control group [CG]). Primary end points were based on the difference in cognitive functions between the TG and the CG. Cognitive functions were evaluated using the trail-making test (part A and part B) and verbal fluency test.ResultsA total of 41 elderly individuals (TG: n=26, CG: n=15) participated in this study and their cognitive functions were assessed before and after DTTC training. Significant differences were observed between the two groups with significant group × time interactions for the executive cognitive function measure, the delta-trail-making test (part B−part A; F 1,36=4.94, P=.03; TG: pre mean 48.8 [SD 43.9], post mean 42.2 [SD 29.0]; CG: pre mean 49.5 [SD 51.8], post mean 64.9 [SD 54.7]).ConclusionsThe results suggest that DTTC training is effective for improving executive cognitive functions.Trial RegistrationJapan Medical Association Clinical Trial Registration Number: JMA-IIA00092; https://dbcentre3.jmacct.med.or.jp/jmactr/App/JMACTRS06/JMACTRS06.aspx?seqno=2682 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6NRtOkZFh).
Highlights
MethodsCognitive impairment among elderly individuals is a serious issue in many countries
We found that Dual-Task Tai Chi (DTTC) training was useful to assess and to improve balance and mobility among elderly people [10]
We reported that Trail-Walking Exercise, which is similar to Trail-Making Test (TMT) under DT condition, improved executive cognitive functions [13]
Summary
Cognitive impairment among elderly individuals is a serious issue in many countries. Many investigators have developed different cognitive function training methods as countermeasures to prevent cognitive impairment and have reported their effects [1]. Other investigators have reported the effects of physical exercise training on cognitive functions among elderly individuals [2,3]. Hillman et al and Silsupado have indicated that executive cognitive functions, which are related to the control of goal-oriented actions and adaptive behaviors, are strongly impaired by aging and respond positively to exercise training [4,5]
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