Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a calcium hydroxide (CH) paste (CleaniCal®) containing N-2-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as a vehicle on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms compared with other products containing saline (Calasept Plus™) or propylene glycol (PG) (Calcipex II®). Methodology Standardized bovine root canal specimens were used. The antibacterial effects were measured by colony-forming unit counting. The thickness of bacterial microcolonies and exopolysaccharides was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Morphological features of the biofilms were observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Bovine tooth blocks covered with nail polish were immersed into the vehicles and dispelling was observed. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (p<0.05).Results CleaniCal® showed the highest antibacterial activity, followed by Calcipex II® (p<0.05). Moreover, NMP showed a higher antibacterial effect compared with PG (p<0.05). The thickness of bacteria and EPS in the CleaniCal® group was significantly lower than that of other materials tested (p<0.05). FE-SEM images showed the specimens treated with Calasept Plus™ were covered with biofilms, whereas the specimens treated with other medicaments were not. Notably, the specimen treated with CleaniCal® was cleaner than the one treated with Calcipex II®. Furthermore, the nail polish on the bovine tooth block immersed in NMP was completely dispelled.Conclusions CleaniCal® performed better than Calasept Plus™ and Calcipex II® in the removal efficacy of E. faecalis biofilms. The results suggest the effect might be due to the potent dissolving effect of NMP on organic substances.
Highlights
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a grampositive facultative anaerobe mainly related to failed root canal treatment.1 It can resist very harsh environmental conditions by invading dentinal tubules, enduring prolonged periods of starvation, and forming intraradicular biofilms that are more resistant to antimicrobial agents.2-4 Among these, the ability to form biofilms is one of the main mechanisms for the survival of bacterial species in the root canal system
This study investigated the effect of a calcium hydroxide (CH) paste (CleaniCal®) containing N-2-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as a vehicle on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms compared with other products containing saline (Calasept PlusTM) or propylene glycol (PG) (Calcipex II®)
The Colony-forming unit (CFU) assay of E. faecalis in biofilms after the
Summary
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a grampositive facultative anaerobe mainly related to failed root canal treatment. It can resist very harsh environmental conditions by invading dentinal tubules, enduring prolonged periods of starvation, and forming intraradicular biofilms that are more resistant to antimicrobial agents. Among these, the ability to form biofilms is one of the main mechanisms for the survival of bacterial species in the root canal system. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a grampositive facultative anaerobe mainly related to failed root canal treatment.. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a grampositive facultative anaerobe mainly related to failed root canal treatment.1 It can resist very harsh environmental conditions by invading dentinal tubules, enduring prolonged periods of starvation, and forming intraradicular biofilms that are more resistant to antimicrobial agents.. Microbes in biofilms are much harder to eradicate using antimicrobial agents compared with corresponding planktonic forms.. Microbes in biofilms are much harder to eradicate using antimicrobial agents compared with corresponding planktonic forms.5 In this respect, it is necessary to use intracanal medicaments in interappointment such as calcium hydroxide (CH) for further disinfection in addition to mechanical instrumentation with irrigants during endodontic treatment to reduce microorganisms in the root canal system. The disinfection efficacy of CH is hindered in the presence of biofilms; enhanced efficacy in biofilm removal of intracanal medicaments has been demanded nowadays
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