Abstract
The active oddball paradigm is a candidate task for voluntary brain activation. Previous research has focused on group effects, and has largely overlooked the potential problem of interindividual differences. Interindividual variance causes problems with the interpretation of group-level results. In this study we want to demonstrate the degree of consistency in the active oddball task across subjects, in order to answer the question of whether this task is able to reliably detect conscious target processing in unresponsive patients. We asked 18 subjects to count rare targets and to ignore frequent standards and rare distractors in an auditory active oddball task. Event-related-potentials (ERPs) and time-frequency data were analyzed with permutation-t-tests on a single subject level. We plotted the group-average ERPs and time-frequency data, and evaluated the numbers of subjects showing significant differences between targets and distractors in certain time-ranges. The distinction between targets/distractors and standards was found to be significant in the time-range of the P300 in all participants. In contrast, significant differences between targets and distractors in the time-range of the P3a/b were found in 8 subjects, only. By including effects in the N1 and in a late negative component there remained 2 subjects who did not show a distinction between targets and distractors in the ERP. While time-frequency data showed prominent effects for target/distractor vs. standard, significant differences between targets and distractors were found in 2 subjects, only. The results suggest that time-frequency- and ERP-analysis of the active oddball task may not be sensitive enough to detect voluntary brain activation in unresponsive patients. In addition, we found that time-frequency analysis was even less informative than ERPs about the subject’s task performance. Despite suggesting the use of more sensitive paradigms and/or analysis techniques, the present results give further evidence that electroencephalographic research should rely more strongly on single-subject analysis because interpretations of group-effects may be misleading.
Highlights
Voluntary brain activation is an important issue in contemporary research
We see the oddballtypical deviations between standard and target as well as between standard and deviant tones in the N1, P300, and in a late negative component at 500–600 ms
In this work we examined the consistency of effects of voluntary brain activation in an active oddball task
Summary
The number of papers addressing this issue is boosted significantly by the scientific fields of ‘disorders of consciousness’ (DOC) and ‘brain computer interfaces’. The goals of these two fields overlap to some extent, and there are some research problems which have to be solved by both of them. An algorithm is applied to a training set of sequences for each single subject to learn their typical response or responses (depending on the algorithm). This is known as the training phase. If one chooses m-activity in the range of 10– 15 Hz as such a feature in a motor imagery paradigm, those subjects with reactivity in frequency ranges below 10 and above 15 Hz will end up with low classification-accuracy rates
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