Abstract
BackgroundA number of studies have been done on movement imagination of motor sequences with a single limb. However, brain oscillatory patterns induced by movement imagination of motor sequences involving multiple limbs have not been reported in recent years. The goal of the present study was to verify the feasibility of application of motor sequences involving multiple limbs to brain-computer interface (BCI) systems based on motor imagery (MI). The changes of EEG patterns and the inter-influence between movements associated with the imagination of motor sequences were also investigated.MethodsThe experiment, where 12 healthy subjects participated, involved one motor sequence with a single limb and three kinds of motor sequences with two or three limbs. The activity involved mental simulation, imagining playing drums with two conditions (60 and 30 beats per minute for the first and second conditions, respectively).ResultsMovement imagination of different limbs in the sequence contributed to time-variant event-related desynchronization (ERD) patterns within both mu and beta rhythms, which was more obvious for the second condition compared with the first condition. The ERD values of left/right hand imagery with prior hand imagery were significantly larger than those with prior foot imagery, while the phase locking values (PLVs) between central electrodes and the mesial frontocentral electrode of non-initial movement were significantly larger than those of the initial movement during imagination of motor sequences for both conditions. Classification results showed that the power spectral density (PSD) based method outperformed the multi-class common spatial patterns (multi-CSP) based method: The highest accuracies were 82.86 % and 91.43 %, and the mean values were 65 % and 74.14 % for the first and second conditions, respectively.ConclusionsThis work implies that motor sequences involving multiple limbs can be utilized to build a multimodal classification paradigm in MI-based BCI systems, and that prior movement imagination can result in the changes of neural activities in motor areas during subsequent movement imagination in the process of limb switching.
Highlights
A number of studies have been done on movement imagination of motor sequences with a single limb
Most research on MI-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems have focused on analyzing EEG rhythms induced by simple limb motor imagery involving a single part of the limbs such as the left hand, the right hand or the foot [5, 6]
There are no significant differences between the event-related desynchronization (ERD) patterns at C3 and C4 for the sequences of right hand]–[left hand]–[right hand] (RLR) and foot]–[right hand]–[left hand] (FRL)
Summary
A number of studies have been done on movement imagination of motor sequences with a single limb. MI-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems could translate the subjective movement consciousness of the users without any inducing factors such as visual stimulus producing steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) or event-related potential (ERP). This provides an alternative communication and control channel for patients with limited motor function to improve the quality of their lives [3]. Most research on MI-based BCI systems have focused on analyzing EEG rhythms induced by simple limb motor imagery involving a single part of the limbs such as the left hand, the right hand or the foot [5, 6]. MI was applied as a brain switch in a hybrid BCI system by detecting the post imagery beta event-related synchronization (ERS) of foot imagery to turn a fourstep electrically driven hand orthosis with two flickering lights on and off to reduce the false positive rate during the resting period [9]
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