Educational attainment and symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adulthood

Abstract

Abstract Background Young adulthood is a life phase when mental health problems are common. Although education is known to exert an influence on health, increased knowledge about the links between educational attainment and mental health problems in young adults is needed. The aim of this study was to analyse if educational attainment at the end of upper secondary (U.S.) school (i.e. age 19) predicted self-reported anxiety and depression symptoms two years later. Methods Data was derived from the Swedish population-based cohort study Futura01 (n = 3247; 56% women). Anxiety and depression were measured by self-reports in 2022 (age 21) through the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Educational attainment was measured through linked registry information from 2020 (age 19). Linear regression analysis was used. Covariates included parental country of birth, parental education and family type. Results Co-occurring symptoms of anxiety and depression were more common among young adults with a compulsory than a U.S. academic degree (women: b = 0.79, 95% CI 0.49, 1.09; men: b = 0.77, 95% CI 0.37, 1.17). Symptoms of depression only were more common among women with a compulsory degree (b = 0.60, 95% CI 0.20, 1.00), and among participants with a U.S. vocational degree (women: b = 0.51, 95% CI 0.09, 0.94; men: b = 0.50, 95% CI 0.08, 0.91), compared to those with a U.S. academic degree. Symptoms of anxiety only were, in contrast, less common among men and women with a compulsory degree compared to those with a U.S. academic degree, although statistically significant only among women (b=-0.50, 95% CI -0.88, -0.12). Conclusions Educational level in young adulthood was clearly associated with subsequent symptoms of anxiety and depression but the social patterning varied between symptoms. Lower educational level was linked to a higher reporting of co-occurring anxiety and depression and of depression only, while a higher educational level was linked to a higher reporting of anxiety only. Key messages • Young adult educational attainment was negatively associated with symptoms of co-occurring anxiety and depression and of depression only, but positively associated with symptoms of anxiety only. • In young adulthood educational level is associated with anxiety and depression in complex ways. Efforts to improve educational attainment and/or mental health need to consider this complexity.